The sound of a choir performing in a cathedral is iconic for a reason. It?s this beautiful human experience: being side-by-side with other people, feeling the sound vibrate through you, reverberating around the space.

But how long has that been a part of our culture? And what role did sound play in the lives of people who lived during the Ice Age or the Stone Age? That?s the focus of a growing field of archaeology called archaeoacoustics, where researchers use the scientific tools of today to investigate the role of sound and music in the past.

To learn more, Host Flora Lichtman is joined by Margarita Díaz-Andreu, principal investigator of the Art Soundscapes project, and Rupert Till, head of the department of humanities at the University of Huddersfield in the UK.

Guests: Dr. Margarita Díaz-Andreu is an ICREA professor at the University of Barcelona in Spain and principal investigator of the Art Soundscapes project. 
Dr. Rupert Till is a professor of music and head of the department humanities at the University of Huddersfield in the UK.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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As the planet warms, the world?s glaciers are melting faster than snow can replenish the ice. That has implications for sea level rise, ocean currents, and global weather patterns. But collecting data at the edge of a melting glacier can be risky.

Glaciologist Erin Pettit and her colleagues are listening to the sounds melting glaciers make?from the sizzling of trapped air bubbles bursting, to the deep rumbles of underwater calving of icebergs. She joins Host Flora Lichtman to share some glacial sounds, and describe the multi-stage robot tools she uses to monitor melting ice.

Guest: Dr. Erin Pettit is a professor of geophysics and glaciology at Oregon State University.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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In cancer research, the ?seed and soil? hypothesis posits that the tumor is like a seed of misbehaving cells taking root in the body. Whether it grows?and where it grows?depends on the conditions, or soil. Since this hypothesis was proposed more than 100 years ago, most research and treatments have focused on the seed, or tumor. 

For nearly 50 years, Rakesh Jain has been studying the soil. But in a seed-focused field, his work was seen as wasteful and radical. Now, that very same research has led to seven FDA-approved treatments for diseases including lung and liver cancer, and earned him a National Medal of Science in 2016. Host Flora Lichtman talks with Jain about how his fringe idea led to lifesaving cancer treatments. 

Guest: Dr. Rakesh K. Jain studies the biology of tumors at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital as a professor of radiation oncology.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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For many people, bubonic plague is an illness that seems squarely situated in medieval times. But each year, a handful of human cases pop up in the western United States. Plague can be treated successfully with modern medicine. But why does it still exist, and how should we think about it both locally and globally? 

Plague researcher Viveka Vadyvaloo joins Host Flora Lichtman to talk all things spread and containment.

Guest: Dr. Viveka Vadyvaloo is a plague researcher and director of the Allen School for Global Health at Washington State University.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Today we?re spotlighting an underappreciated group of marine creatures: sea slugs. Don?t let their humble name fool you. They come in vivid neon colors, with patterns that rival the most beautiful butterflies and feather-like external gills and tentacles.

There are an estimated 10,000 species of sea slugs and they are incredibly diverse. Some are smaller than a quarter. And one species can weigh more than a terrier, up to 30 pounds. Not to mention their contributions to brain research?understanding their neural networks was the basis for a Nobel Prize in 2000.  

Marine biologist Patrick Krug joins Host Ira Flatow to dive into the slimy science of sea slugs. 

Guest: Dr. Patrick Krug is a sea slug researcher and professor of biological sciences at Cal State LA.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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There?s an enormous buildout of data centers underway across the country to fuel the AI boom. Hundreds of billions of dollars have already been spent on data centers, with talk of spending trillions more. And these data centers use a lot of power: According to the Times Picuayune, Meta?s new data center under construction in Louisiana will require nearly three times the power that New Orleans uses in a year. Residents across the country have taken note, and rising utility rates have become an issue in some recent elections.

Casey Crownhart, senior climate reporter at MIT Technology Review, has been studying the costs and impacts of the data center boom. She joins Host Ira Flatow for an update on the latest.

Guest: Casey Crownhart is a senior climate reporter at MIT Technology Review, based in New York, NY.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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You might think about bats as flitting around in the dark and hunting insects, but some species feed on fruits or flowers?and play an important role as pollinators. One place that role is crucial is in the relationship between bats and agave plants. Bat conservationist Kristen Lear joins Host Ira Flatow to describe efforts to restore agaves in the Southwest and Mexico, which has consequences for bats, for the ecosystems around the agave, and for your liquor cabinet, since agave is the source of drinks like tequila and mezcal.

Plus, journalist Dan Fagin joins Ira to discuss his recent New York Times article on a new technology that is letting researchers follow individual monarch butterflies over the course of a thousand-mile migration. 

Guests:
Dr. Kristen Lear is director of the Agave Restoration Initiative at Bat Conservation International, based in Austin, Texas.
Dan Fagin is a science journalist and the director of the Science, Health & Environmental Reporting Program at New York University.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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The spotted owl has been a conservation flashpoint for more than 30 years. While habitat loss has been their historic foe, their most recent threat comes from within the owl family tree: the barred owl. Barred owls have expanded into the Pacific Northwest and are now outcompeting spotted owls for food and habitat. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has put forth a strategy that some experts say is the only way to save the spotted owl, and it could involve killing hundreds of thousands of barred owls.

Ecologist and spotted owl expert Rocky Gutierrez joins Host Flora Lichtman to break down the plan, and explain how we got to this point.

Guest: Dr. R.J. ?Rocky? Gutierrez is an owl ecologist and professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota. He?s now based in Humboldt County, California.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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A team of scientists is trying to jumpstart a global conservation movement, on par with efforts to save the rainforests or protect the oceans. But it might be even more ambitious because the target of their quest is invisible, everywhere, and mostly something we try to hand-sanitize away: microbes.

So how do you conserve something that is everywhere and in everything? And why do microbes need protecting to begin with? Host Flora Lichtman digs into it with microbial ecologist Jack Gilbert, who is leading this charge. They chat about the thinking behind microbe conservation plans, and why some scientists are hesitant to jump onboard.

Guest: Dr. Jack Gilbert is a microbial ecologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and co-chair of the International Union for Conservation of Nature?s Species Survival Commission?s Microbial Conservation Specialist Group. 

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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When we try to commune with nature, many of us turn toward the living: a walk in the woods among swaying trees, chirping birds, blooming flowers.

But earth scientist Anjana Khatwa says not to overlook the inanimate?don?t sleep on rocks. She joins Host Flora Lichtman to talk about her love for rocks beyond the scientific and her new book, The Whispers of Rock.

Read an excerpt from The Whispers of Rock: The Stories That Stone Tells about Our World and Our Lives.

Guest: Dr. Anjana Khatwa is a geologist and author of The Whispers of Rock: The Stories That Stone Tells about Our World and Our Lives.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Each year, the Ig Nobel Prizes recognize scientific research that first makes you laugh, then makes you think. For instance, researchers who investigated the pizza preferences of lizards on the island of Togo. Or a man who kept track of his fingernail growth for 35 years.

As is Thanksgiving tradition, we?re sharing highlights from this year?s Ig Nobels on Science Friday. Annals of Improbable Research editor Marc Abrahams acts as master of ceremonies for the 35th First Annual Ig Nobel Prizes, which include 10 awards, several 24-second scientific lectures, and a mini-opera about indigestion.

Guest: Marc Abrahams is the editor and co-founder of Annals of Improbable Research and the founder and master of ceremonies for the Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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A good workout can make you feel triumphant. And even if that isn?t your relationship with exercise, you?ve probably heard that working out can lift your mood, fight depression, and make you more resilient when life knocks back. But why exactly does exercise improve mental health? Is it all about those endorphins? Does the type or duration of a workout matter if you?re looking for a mental wellness boost?

To help answer those questions and more, Host Flora Lichtman talks with Eduardo Esteban Bustamante and Jack Raglin, who both study the relationship between physical activity and mental health.

Guests: Dr. Eduardo Esteban Bustamante studies the link between physical activity and mental health in kids as the director of the Healthy Kids Lab at the University of Illinois, Chicago.
Dr. Jack Raglin studies exercise and sports science as a professor of kinesiology at Indiana University.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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It?s a wonderful time of the year: squash, pumpkin, and gourd season. But how do those giant, award-winning pumpkins grow so big? And what?s the difference between a gourd and a squash? 

In a conversation from 2023, Ira talks with Dr. Chris Hernandez, director of the University of New Hampshire?s squash, pumpkin, and melon breeding program to explore all things winter squash and answer listener questions.

Guests: Dr. Chris Hernandez is an assistant professor of Plant Breeding at the University of New Hampshire in Durham, New Hampshire.
Dan Souza is co-Editor of Cook?s Science: How to Unlock Flavor in 50 of our Favorite Ingredients (Cook?s Illustrated, 2016). He?s based in Boston, Massachusetts.

Transcript is available at sciencefriday.com.

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Have you ever gotten to the end of, say, a jar of peanut butter and wondered if it should go in trash or recycling? If it?s worth rinsing out? And where will it actually end up?

Journalist Alexander Clapp had those same questions, and went to great lengths to answer them?visiting five continents to chronicle how our trash travels. Along the way, he discovered a multibillion-dollar trash trade run by shady waste brokers, and a global industry powered by slimy spoons, crinkled plastic bags, and all the other stuff we throw away. It?s a putrid business that we?re a part of, and many of us know little about.

In a conversation from February, Host Flora Lichtman speaks with Clapp about the garbage business and his new book Waste Wars: The Wild Afterlife Of Your Trash.

Guest: Alexander Clapp is a journalist and author of Waste Wars: The Wild Afterlife Of Your Trash. He?s based in Athens, Greece.

Transcript is available at sciencefriday.com.

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Twenty years ago, a young oncologist started journaling to process his experience treating cancer patients. That cathartic act became the Pulitzer Prize-winning book The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer.

Fifteen years after the book was published, how has our understanding of preventing and treating cancer changed? Host Flora Lichtman is joined by author Siddhartha Mukherjee to talk about what we now understand about screening, environmental risks, and rising cancer rates in young people.

Read an excerpt of the new chapters added to The Emperor of Maladies on the 15th anniversary of the book?s publication. 

This headline has been corrected from "Multi-Headed" to "Many-Headed" to accurately reflect Siddhartha Mukherjee's statement.

Guest: Dr. Siddhartha Mukherjee is a cancer physician and an associate professor of medicine at Columbia University.

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African grey parrots are internet stars. It?s easy to see why?the charismatic birds sing, tell jokes, and sling profanities. But how do the endangered birds get from African forests to your feed? 

Wildlife crime reporter Rene Ebersole joins Host Flora Lichtman to describe her investigation into the global parrot trade, and the black market for wild African greys that is threatening their existence.

Guest: Rene Ebersole is Editor In Chief at Wildlife Investigative Reporters and Editors (WIRE).

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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After years of getting your emails and phone calls, we know that SciFri listeners are in the 99th percentile when it comes to nerdy knowledge. We?re putting your fact retention skills to the test with the first ever Super Food Science Excellence Trivia Blowout (SFSETBO).

Host Flora Lichtman teams up with trivia kingpin Mangesh Hattikudur, co-host of the podcast ?Part-Time Genius,? to quiz one lucky listener on her food science knowledge.

Guest: Mangesh Hattikudur is the co-host of ?Part-Time Genius? and co-founder of Kaleidoscope.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Some animals have a very different relationship to aging than we do: They don?t get cancer, they never go through menopause, and they live absurdly long lives. 

For instance, one bat species can live for more than 40 years, which may not sound like very long but that?s about nine times longer than expected based on its size. For comparison, if we aged on that scale, we?d live for hundreds of years. These bats aren?t the only animal super-agers?there?s a whole menagerie of them.

So what?s their secret? And can we learn anything from them that might help us live longer, healthier lives? Host Flora Lichtman talks with longevity researchers Vera Gorbunova and Juan Manuel Vazquez about what animals are teaching us.

Guests:
Dr. Vera Gorbunova is a biologist and professor at the University of Rochester, and a co-director of the Rochester Aging Research Center.
Dr. Juan Manuel Vazquez is a biologist and assistant professor at Pennsylvania State University studying the evolution of aging.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Proteins are crucial for life. They're made of amino acids that ?fold? into millions of different shapes. And depending on their structure, they do radically different things in our cells. For a long time, predicting those shapes for research was considered a grand biological challenge.

But in 2020, Google?s AI lab DeepMind released Alphafold, a tool that was able to accurately predict many of the structures necessary for understanding biological mechanisms in a matter of minutes. In 2024, the Alphafold team was awarded a Nobel Prize in chemistry for the advance.

Five years later after its release, Host Ira Flatow checks in on the state of that tech and how it?s being used in health research with John Jumper, one of the lead scientists responsible for developing Alphafold.

Guest: John Jumper, scientist at Google Deepmind and co-recipient of the 2024 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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If you?ve heard the hammering of a woodpecker in the woods, you might have wondered how the birds can be so forceful. What does it take to whack your head against a tree repeatedly, hard enough to drill a hole? A team of researchers wondered that too and set out to investigate, by putting tiny muscle monitors on eight downy woodpeckers and recording them with high-speed video as they pecked away in the lab.

Integrative organismal biologist Nick Antonson, co-author of a report on the work, joins Host Flora Lichtmen to peck away at the mystery.

Plus, you can take two ant eggs with the exact same genes, and one can grow up to be a queen, the other a worker. Neuroscientist and evolutionary biologist Daniel Kronauer joins Flora to share recent research into how an ant becomes a queen.

Guests: Dr. Nick Antonson is an NSF postdoctoral research fellow in the department of ecology, evolution, and organismal biology at Brown University.
Dr. Daniel Kronauer is the Stanley S. and Sydney R. Shuman Professor in the Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior at The Rockefeller University in New York.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Our memories make us who we are?just ask Barbra Streisand. But despite the lyrics in many popular songs, memories aren?t frozen in time. When we call them up, the details shift and change. And neuroscience research shows that we might be able to take that a step further?to manipulate our memories and even implant false ones.

Neuroscientist Steve Ramirez joins Host Ira Flatow to explain how memory manipulation could revolutionize the way we treat brain disorders. They also discuss Ramirez?s book, How to Change a Memory: One Neuroscientist's Quest to Alter the Past, and how the sudden death of his friend and scientific collaborator made him rethink the role of memory.

Guest: Dr. Steve Ramirez is an associate professor of psychology and brain sciences at Boston University and the author of How to Change a Memory.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Bearded vultures build giant, elaborate nests that are passed down from generation to generation. And according to a new study, some of these scavengers have collected bits and bobs of human history over the course of centuries. Scientists picked apart 12 vulture nests preserved in Spain and discovered a museum collection?s worth of objects, including a woven sandal that could be more than 700 years old.  

Host Flora Lichtman talks with study author Ana Belen Marín-Arroyo, an archaeologist who studies ancient humans, about how the nests are giving us a glimpse into vulture culture as well as the lives of the people they lived beside.

Guest: Dr. Ana Belen Marín-Arroyo is an archeologist and professor of prehistory at the University of Cantabria in Spain.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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The band Phish has toured for over 40 years. One of the draws of their legendary live shows?which can go on for 8 hours?is finding moments of ?flow,? when the band members lock into an improvised jam, finding new musical ideas in real time.

Phish fans live for these transcendent moments, but so do the musicians?to the point that Mike Gordon, the band?s bass player, is funding scientific research to better understand flow state.

Host Flora Lichtman sits down with Mike and his research collaborator, neuroscientist Greg Appelbaum, to unpack their research so far and how it?s helping to inform other neuroscience.

Guests:
Mike Gordon is bassist and co-founder of the rock band Phish. 
Dr. Greg Appelbaum is a professor in the department of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Around 25 years ago, Ardem Patapoutian set out to investigate the fundamental biology behind our sense of touch. Through a long process of gene elimination, he identified a class of sensors in the cell membrane that turn physical pressure into an electrical signal. He changed the game in the field of sensation and perception, and in 2021 shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work. 

He joins Host Flora Lichtman to talk about his research, the odd jobs he worked along the way, and how he found a sense of belonging in science.

Guest: Dr. Ardem Patapoutian is a professor and the Presidential Endowed Chair in Neurobiology at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California. 

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Over the last five years, billions of people have received at least one dose of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. New research has found an unanticipated result of these vaccines: Cancer treatments are more effective for some vaccinated patients, and many live longer than their unvaccinated counterparts. This news comes at a time where the federal government is slashing funding for mRNA research. 

Host Ira Flatow speaks to lead study author Adam Grippin and vaccine expert Eric Topol.

Guests: Dr. Adam Grippin is a radiation oncologist at the MC Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. 
Dr. Eric Topol is a cardiologist and genomics professor at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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One of the biggest debates in the dinosaur world is what was happening right before they went extinct. Were they already declining, or would they have thrived if not for the asteroid? Two recent studies shed some light on this question: one that analyzes a trove of fossils from New Mexico and suggests there was more diversity in the Americas than previously thought, and another that reanalyzes a long-debated juvenile T. rex fossil and finds it?s likely a separate, smaller species.

Host Ira Flatow is joined by authors on those separate studies, paleontologists Steve Brusatte and Lindsay Zanno.

Guests: Dr. Lindsay Zanno is division head of paleontology at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences in Raleigh, NC.
Dr. Steve Brusatte is a paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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As Black Friday approaches, you?re probably being inundated with ads for bigger, better televisions. But just how good is good enough? Are there limits to what our eyes can even make out?

Visual perception researcher Maliha Ashraf joins Host Flora Lichtman to describe her new study on display resolution?including a display calculator she and her colleagues developed to help you determine the optimal display characteristics for a given room. And retinal neuroscientist Bryan Jones joins the conversation to delve into the workings of human vision.

Guests:
Dr. Maliha Ashraf is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Cambridge in the UK.
Dr. Bryan W. Jones is a professor of ophthalmology at the University of Pittsburgh.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Decades ago, non-native carp were brought onto fish farms on the Mississippi River to control algae and parasites. They escaped, thrived, and eventually flooded the Illinois River, outcompeting native species and wreaking havoc. If the carp find their way into the Great Lakes, they could do major damage to those vital ecosystems.

There?s a proposed project to stop the fish?but it?s expensive, and not everyone agrees it?s the best solution. Host Flora Lichtman speaks with WBEZ and Grist reporter Juanpablo Ramirez-Franco and carp expert Cory Suski.

Guests: Juanpablo Ramirez-Franco is an environmental reporter at WBEZ and Grist. 
Dr. Cory Suski is a professor of aquatic resources at the University of Illinois.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Axolotls are one of the most charismatic and beloved amphibians out there. But did you know that there?s only one place in the whole world where you can find them in the wild? It?s Lake Xochimilco in Mexico City.

There, scientists are scrambling to save them from extinction by creating refuges, using environmental DNA to track them down, and tag-teaming with the farmers who work on the lake. Luis Zambrano, one of the world?s leading axolotl experts, and Alejandro Maeda-Obregón, a molecular biologist, talk with Host Flora Lichtman about their work to protect these beloved amphibians.

Guests:?
Dr. Luis Zambrano is a leading expert on axolotls and an ecologist at the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Dr. Alejandro Maeda-Obregón is a molecular ecologist at University College London who studies rare and endangered species.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Endometriosis is a painful disease that occurs when endometrium-like tissue grows outside of the uterus. It?s extremely common?if you have a uterus, you have a 1 in 10 chance of getting it. Yet, it takes seven years on average to receive a formal diagnosis. What does the latest science tell us about the biology of the condition and how to treat it? And why do so many people have such a difficult time getting diagnosed? 

Host Flora Lichtman is joined by endometriosis researcher and patient Linda Griffith to answer those questions and more. 

Guest: Dr. Linda Griffith is a biological engineer and Scientific Director of The MIT Center for Gynepathology Research.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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We've figured out how to harness renewable energy from many natural systems, like solar, wind, and geothermal power. But what about the ocean?s waves? It might seem like converting wave power into electricity on a large scale would?ve been figured out by now, but the tech is actually just getting its sea legs. Why has it been so hard to develop? And just how promising is it?

Host Flora Lichtman talks with Oregon Public Broadcasting reporter Jes Burns, who reported on Oregon?s massive wave energy test site; and then she checks in with Deborah Greaves, an  offshore renewable energy researcher, for a look at what?s happening in the rest of the world.

Guests: 
Jes Burns is a science and environment reporter and host of "All Science. No Fiction." at Oregon Public Broadcasting.
Dr. Deborah Greaves is a professor of ocean engineering at the University of Plymouth in England.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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For Halloween, we bring you an ode to three quintessentially creepy creatures: bats, arachnids, and snakes. First, bat researcher Elena Tena joins Host Flora Lichtman to describe tracking the greater noctule bat in flight and learning that it can feed on migratory birds. Then, arachnologist Paula Cushing describes the camel spider, which is neither a camel nor a spider. And herpetologist Sara Ruane highlights one of her favorite snakes, the tiger keelback, which is both venomous and poisonous. 

Plus, what makes a lake spooky? A pond possessed? Flora talks with Geo Rutherford, creator of the Spooky Lake Month series on TikTok and Instagram, to learn about some of the spookiest, most mysterious lakes on the planet. 

Guests:

Dr. Elena Tena is the national coordinator for the Spanish Bat Atlas project.
Dr. Paula Cushing is senior curator of invertebrate zoology at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science in Denver, Colorado. 
Dr. Sara Ruane is curator of herpetology at the Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois. 
Geo Rutherford is the author of Spooky Lakes: 25 Strange and Mysterious Lakes That Dot Our Planet and the creator of Spooky Lake content TiKTok and Instagram. You can find her @geodesaurus. 

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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There?s an established playbook for getting one?s affairs in order before death?create a will, name legal guardians, and so on. But there?s also a newer consideration: what will happen to our digital presences, like social media accounts, files, photos, videos, and more. So how do we manage them, and make sure we?re not turned into AI chatbots without permission? (It does happen.) 

Information scientist Jed Brubaker studies digital afterlives, and joins Host Flora Lichtman to discuss how we can manage our digital legacies. 

Guest: Jed Brubaker is an information scientist and head of the Digital Legacy Clinic at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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At first blush, the plots of many horror movies don?t seem particularly appealing. Take ?The Shining?: A murderous psychopath tries to kill his family in a haunted, secluded hotel. But horror movies have had devoted fans for as long as they?ve been around, and lately, scary movies and television shows like ?Sinners? or ?The Walking Dead? have made a big splash. Why? What draws us to horror? And why are some people more thrill-seeking or morbidly curious than others? 

Host Flora Lichtman talks with two psychologists on opposite poles of horror fandom to flesh out some of the answers: horrorphile and behavioral scientist Coltan Scriver, and psychology professor Ken Carter, who?s horrified by horror. 

Guests: Dr. Ken Carter is a psychology professor at Emory University and the author of Buzz!: Inside the Minds of Thrill-Seekers, Daredevils, and Adrenaline Junkies. 
Dr. Coltan Scrivner is a behavioral scientist at Arizona State University and the author of Morbidly Curious: A Scientist Explains Why We Can?t Look Away. 

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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For decades, peanut allergies were on the rise in the US. But a study released on October 20 found that peanut allergies in babies and young children are now decreasing. This drop correlates with a change in guidance from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. In 2017, the agency started recommending exposing children to peanuts ?early and often.? Since that recommendation, the prevalence of peanut allergies has dropped significantly.

Sharon Chinthrajah, a physician specializing in allergies and immunology, churns through the findings with Host Flora Lichtman.  

Guest: Dr. Sharon Chinthrajah is a physician specializing in allergy and immunology at the Sean N. Parker Center at Stanford University.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Bacteria have been around for billions of years. Could they have come up with complex behaviors that we just don?t understand yet? Could they have their own language? Their own culture? Their own complex societies playing out right under, and in, our noses?

Microbiologist Bonnie Bassler has been studying these questions for more than 30 years. She talks with Host Flora Lichtman about the wild world of bacterial communication, and how understanding microbes could help us understand ourselves.

Guest: Dr. Bonnie Bassler is a microbiologist at Princeton University.

The transcript for this episode is available at sciencefriday.com.

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After years of development, lab-grown fish is taste-test ready for the public. Four restaurants in the US are serving up cultivated salmon made by the company Wildtype. Producer Kathleen Davis gives Host Flora Lichtman a rundown on how Wildtype tastes, initial public perception, and the upstream battle to take cultivated meat mainstream. 

Plus, SciFri heads to Burlington, Vermont, where scientists are cooking up the foods of the future?including the building blocks of cell-cultured meat. Flora digs in with foodie researchers Alexis Yamashita and Rachael Floreani about why innovation is critical to a sustainable food future.

Guests: Adam Tortosa is a chef and the owner of Robin in San Francisco, California.
Alexis Yamashita is a community organizer and PhD student in food systems at the University of Vermont. 
Dr. Rachael Floreani is a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Vermont.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Do science documentaries need a refresh? What if the goal wasn?t just teaching you something, but making you feel something? A new series from the BBC, airing on PBS, called ?Human? tries to do just that. It tells the tale of our ancient family tree, embracing the complex and dramatic sides of the story. It asks: Who were the different species of humans that lived on this planet before us? What must it have been like to be in their shoes? And how did we become the only ones left standing? 

Ella Al-Shamahi, a paleoanthropologist and host of ?Human,? tells SciFri Host Flora Lichtman about her vision for how to tell this story so that today?s humans lean in. 

Guest: Ella Al-Shamahi is a paleoanthropologist and the host of ?Human? on BBC/PBS.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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TikTok and other social media sites are full of mental health content?often short, grabby, first-person videos detailing symptoms for conditions like ADHD and autism. But what does this mean for teens and young adults who spend hours a day scrolling?

A new study published in PLOS One analyzes the 100 most viewed TikTok videos about ADHD to assess both how accurate they are and how young people respond to them. Researchers found that about half of the videos were inaccurate or missing key context, and that the more TikToks young adults watched, the less critical they were of the content.

For some, watching social videos about mental health conditions led them to better understand themselves and eventually get a proper diagnosis and treatment. For others it made them consider if they have conditions they don?t meet the diagnostic criteria for.

Host Flora Lichtman talks with the lead author of the ADHD TikTok study, Vasileia Karasavva, a PhD Student in clinical psychology at the University of British Columbia; and Dr. Jennifer Katzenstein, director of psychology, neuropsychology, and social work at Johns Hopkins All Children?s Hospital in St. Petersburg, Florida.

Guests: Vasileia Karasavva is a PhD Student in Clinical Psychology at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada.
Dr. Jennifer Katzenstein is Director of Psychology, Neuropsychology and Social work and Co-director of the Center for Behavioral Health at Johns Hopkins All Children?s Hospital in St. Petersburg, Florida. 

Transcripts for each episode are available at sciencefriday.com.

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We?re taking a polar plunge into the science of sea unicorns, also known as narwhals!

Narwhals are mysterious arctic whales with long, twirly tusks protruding from their foreheads, like a creature out of a fairy tale. And it turns out that we don?t know too much about them, partly because they live so far north in the remote Arctic.

An international team of researchers used drones to observe narwhals in the wild and learned new things about their behavior, including how they use their tusks to hunt and play.

Host Flora Lichtman gets on the horn with Dr. Gregory O?Corry-Crowe, research professor and biologist at Florida Atlantic University, who was an author on the new narwhal study, published last month in Frontiers in Marine Science.

Guest: Dr. Greg O?Corry-Crowe is a research professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida.

Transcripts for each episode are available at sciencefriday.com.

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Astrophysicists may have spotted evidence for ?dark stars,? an unusual type of star that could possibly have existed in the earliest days of the universe, in data from the James Webb Space Telescope. Instead of being powered by nuclear fusion as current stars are, the controversial theory says that these ancient dark stars would have formed by mixing a huge cloud of hydrogen and helium with a type of self-annihilating dark matter. Dark stars would not have been dark?researchers believe that if they existed, they would actually have been bigger and brighter than current stars.

Astrophysicists Katherine Freese, who first proposed the idea of dark stars in 2007, and Cosmin Ilie, who detected the possible signs of the dark stars, join Host Ira Flatow to discuss the theory.  

Guests:
Dr. Katherine Freese is a theoretical astrophysicist and a professor of physics at the University of Texas at Austin.
Dr. Cosmin Ilie is an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Colgate University.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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AI is everywhere these days, and though there?s debate about how useful it is, one area where experts think it could be game-changing is scientific research. It promised to be particularly useful for speeding up drug discovery, an expensive and time-consuming process that can take decades. But so far, it hasn?t panned out.

The few AI-designed drugs that have made it to clinical trials haven?t been approved, venture capital investment in these efforts has cratered in the last few years, and many startups have shut their doors. So why has it been so hard to make AI-designed drugs? What are the fundamental issues, and what does the future of this research look like?

Joining Host Ira Flatow with some answers is Peter Coveney, who studies how chemistry discoveries can be sped up with algorithms and computers.

Guest: Dr. Peter Coveney is a professor and director of the Centre for Computational Science at University College London.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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It?s easy to take maps for granted. After all, most of us have a pretty good map in our pockets at all times, ready to show us how to get anywhere on the globe. But to make a map useful, you have to decide what to keep in and what to leave out?and, most importantly, which mathematical equations to use. Beyond navigating from point A to point B, math and maps come together for a wide variety of things, like working out the most efficient route to deliver packages, calculating the depth of the ocean floor, and more. 

Host Ira Flatow is joined by Paulina Rowi?ska, mathematician and author of Mapmatics: A Mathematician's Guide to Navigating the World, to go on a journey through the math at the heart of all kinds of maps. 

Guest: Dr. Paulina Rowi?ska is a mathematician, writer, science journalist and author of Mapmatics: A Mathematician's Guide to Navigating the World.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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It seems like every week, there?s a new headline about some kind of sci-fi-esque organ transplant. Think eyeballs, 3D-printed kidneys, pig hearts.

In her new book, Replaceable You: Adventures in Human Anatomy, science writer Mary Roach chronicles the effort to fabricate human body parts?and where that effort sometimes breaks down. Host Flora Lichtman speaks with Roach about everything from hair transplants to 3D-printed hearts, and why our anatomy is so hard to replicate in the first place.

Guest: Mary Roach is a science writer and the author of Replaceable You: Adventures in Human Anatomy.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Remember ?The Biggest Loser??the show where people tried to lose as much weight as quickly as possible for a big cash prize? The premise of the show was that weight loss was about willpower: With enough discipline, anyone can have the body they want.

The show?s approach was problematic, but how does its attitude toward weight loss match our current understanding of health and metabolism? The authors of the book Food Intelligence, nutrition scientist Kevin Hall, who studied ?Biggest Loser? contestants at the NIH; and science writer Julia Belluz, join Host Flora Lichtman and answer listener questions about nutrition, diet fads, and metabolism.

Read an excerpt of Food Intelligence: The Science of How Food Both Nourishes and Harms Us.

Guests:
Julia Belluz is a science journalist based in Paris.
Dr. Kevin Hall is a nutrition scientist and former NIH researcher based in Kensington, Maryland.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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In July 1925, physicist Werner Heisenberg wrote a letter to Wolfgang Pauli sharing his new ideas about what would eventually become known as quantum theory. A hundred years later, that theory has been expanded into a field of science that explains aspects of chemical behavior, has become the basis of a new type of computing, and more. But it?s still really weird, and often counterintuitive. Physicist Chad Orzel joins Host Ira Flatow to celebrate 100 years of quantum science, and separate quantum fact from science fiction.

Guest: Dr. Chad Orzel is the R. Gordon Gould Associate Professor of Physics and Astronomy, and chair of the department, at Union College in Schenectady, New York.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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This year?s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine went to three people whose combined discoveries outlined the role of the peripheral immune system?how the immune system knows to attack just foreign invaders and not its own tissues and organs. But when the phone rang for Shimone Sakaguchi, Mary E. Brunkow, and Fred Ramsdell, only two of them picked up.

Host Ira Flatow talks with Nobel Prize winner Fred Ramsdell, co-founder and scientific advisor at Sonoma Biotherapeutics.

Plus, Ira talks with bioengineering professor César de la Fuente, who looks for solutions to the antibiotic resistance crisis in unexpected places. Now, he?s used AI to help identify promising antibiotic candidates lurking in ancient archaea, small organisms that can survive some of the most extreme conditions in the world.

Guests:
Dr. Fred Ramsdell is the co-founder and scientific advisor at Sonoma Biotherapeutics.
Dr. César de la Fuente is an associate professor of bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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It?s World Space Week, and we?re fueling up the rocket for a tour of some missions and projects that could provide insights into major space mysteries. Astrophysicist Hakeem Oluseyi joins Host Flora Lichtman to celebrate the wonders of space science, from the recently launched IMAP, which will study the solar environment, to the new Vera Rubin Observatory, and big physics projects like LIGO. 

Plus, the latest in climate tech: MIT Technology Review has published its annual list of climate tech companies that show great promise in work ranging from producing sodium ion batteries to recycling rare earth magnets. Host Ira Flatow talks with climate reporter Casey Crownhart about trends in climate tech and what companies she?s excited about.

Guests: Dr. Hakeem Oluseyi is an astrophysicist and author of the upcoming book, Why Do We Exist? The Nine Realms of the Universe That Make You Possible, and host of the video podcast ?Particles of Thought.?
Casey Crownhart is a senior climate reporter for MIT Technology Review based in New York City.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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The Klamath River, which runs from southern Oregon to California, used to be a top salmon run. But after a series of hydroelectric dams was installed along the river around 100 years ago, salmon populations tanked.

This is the prologue to a remarkable story of a coalition that fought to restore the river. Led by members of the Yurok Nation, who?ve lived along the river for millennia, a group of lawyers, biologists, and activists successfully lobbied for the removal of the dams. The fourth and final dam was taken down last year.

Joining Host Flora Lichtman to go behind the scenes of the dam removal and what?s happened since are Amy Bowers Cordalis, former general counsel for the Yurok Nation and author of the forthcoming book The Water Remembers: My Indigenous Family?s Fight to Save a River and a Way of Life; and Barry McCovey Jr., director of the Yurok Tribes Fisheries Department.

Read an excerpt from The Water Remembers: My Indigenous Family?s Fight to Save a River and a Way of Life.

Guests:

Amy Bowers Cordalis is an attorney, member of the Yurok Nation, and author of The Water Remembers: My Indigenous Family?s Fight To Save A River And A Way Of Life. 
Barry McCovey Jr. is the director of the Yurok Tribes Fisheries Department, based in Klamath, California.

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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Archeologists in movies have a reputation for being hands-on, like Indiana Jones unearthing hidden treasure, or Lara Croft running through a temple. Archeology in real life tends to be a bit more sedentary. But some archeologists are committed to getting their hands dirty?even recreating the stinky, slimy, and sometimes tasty parts of ancient life.

Science writer Sam Kean enmeshed himself in the world of experimental archaeology for his new book Dinner with King Tut: How Rogue Archaeologists are Recreating the Sights, Sounds, Smells, and Tastes of Lost Civilizations. He joins Host Ira Flatow to discuss making stone tools, launching catapults, and DIY mummies.

Guest: Sam Kean is a science writer and author of Dinner with King Tut: How Rogue Archaeologists are Recreating the Sights, Sounds, Smells, and Tastes of Lost Civilizations. 

Transcripts for each episode are available within 1-3 days at sciencefriday.com.

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