MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Chromosome: a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. Gene: the basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. Mutation: the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes. Recessive allele: a type of allele which will not be manifested in an individual unless both of the individual's copies of that gene have that particular genotype. Transposon: a chromosomal segment that can undergo transposition, especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole between chromosomal, phage, and plasmid DNA in the absence of a complementary sequence in the host DNA. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Continental drift: An early theory of land movement that posited that the continents floated on the ocean bed. Tetrahedral hypothesis: An early theory that attempted to explain the arrangement of Earth?s continents and oceans based on the geometry of a tetrahedron. Plate tectonics: The generally accepted theory that the Earth?s surface is made up of a series of tectonic plates that slowly move around on top of the mantle. Pangea: The most recent supercontinent to form on Earth, during the late Paleozoic era. Great Rift Valley: A series of contiguous geographic trenches between two tectonic plates where humans first evolved. Aurica: A potential future supercontinent predicted to form in about 200 million years. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Microbiome - the microorganisms in a particular environment (including the body or a part of the body). Wastewater - water that has been used in the home, in a business, or as part of an industrial process. Viral shedding - releasing a virus into the environment through sneezing, coughing, or feces. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Ecological redundancy (also: functional redundancy or functional equivalence): the ecological phenomena that multiple species representing a variety of taxonomic groups can share similar roles in ecosystem functionality Legume: a plant in the Fabaceae family Nitrogen fixation: the chemical process by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Zoonosis: A disease that can be transmitted to humans by animals Hyper reservoirs: Animals that naturally are home to multiple infectious agents. Spillover: Transmission of a zoonosis from an animal reservoir to a human. Life history strategy: An evolutionary strategy that involves tradeoffs among growth, survival, and reproduction. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: solvent: a substance that dissolves a solute solubility: the relative ability of a solute to dissolve into a solvent MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Lens: A transparent biconvex structure in the eye that can change its shape to change the focal distance. Retina: A layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light. Fovea: A small depression in the retina where visual acuity is highest. Myopia: A common vision condition in which distant objects are blurry. Hyperopia: A vision condition in which nearer objects are blurry. Emmetropization: The process by which the eye grows in order to maximize visual acuity. Dopamine: A neurotransmitter in the retina that tells the eyeball to stop growing once it has gotten to the ideal length. Near Work Hypothesis: The theory that the modern myopia epidemic was a result of humans spending more time looking at nearby objects. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Speciation: The formation of new and distinct species. Sympatric speciation: The evolution of new species from ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region. Allopatric speciation: Speciation that occurs when a population becomes separated by a geographic barrier. Adaptive radiation: The diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Emesis: The act of vomiting Vomiting: The oral eviction of gastrointestinal contents due to contractions in the gut and stomach. Nausea: A diffuse sensation of uneasiness and discomfort often felt as the need to vomit. Vomiting Center: An area in the brain?s medulla oblongata that initiates and controls emesis. Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone: An area in the area postrema of the medulla oblongata that is sensitive to certain toxic chemicals in the blood. Nucleus Tractus Solitarius: A region in the medulla oblongata that receives input from the cardiovascular, respiratory and GI systems. Vagus Nerve: A cranial nerve that regulates internal organ functions, including vomiting. Vestibular System: A Sensory system that provides our brain with information about motion, head position, and spatial positioning for balance. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ?????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ?????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth?????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ?????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth?????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ?????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ?????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com?????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Soil health: the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, promote the quality of air and water environments, and maintain plant, animal, and human health Living system: an open self-organizing life form that interacts with its environment Ecosystem services: varied benefits to humans provided by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ?????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info????????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ?????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth?????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ?????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth?????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ?????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books????????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ?????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com?????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Bitcoin: a digital currency known as a cryptocurrency, which uses a proof-of-work consensus to validate transactions and create new units of Bitcoin. Proof-of-work: a decentralized consensus mechanism that requires members of a network to expend effort solving an arbitrary mathematical puzzle to prevent malicious activity Blockchain: a record of transactions made in Bitcoin or another cryptocurrency maintained across several linked computers, which can also be used in non-cryptocurrency applications Mining: the process of validating transactions and creating new Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies Sexual selection: a form of natural selection driven by competition between members of a species of one sex for access to mating partners of another sex that favors certain characteristics MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Vitamin A: A group of nutrients called retinoids used in several different processes in the human body. Malaria: A serious disease carried by parasites in a certain type of mosquito that feeds on humans. Value of Life: The economic value used to quantify the benefit of avoiding a fatality Upstream interventions: Approaches to healthcare that address root causes rather than symptoms. Night Blindness: An early symptom of Vitamin A deficiency in which the eye is unable to process low levels of light. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Aqueous humour: The clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea. Bone remodeling: The continuous process of synthesis and destruction that gives bone its mature structure and maintains normal calcium levels in the body. Ligament: A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. Sprain: A stretching or tearing of ligaments. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Salt: chemical compounds made of positively- and negatively-charged particles called ?ions? like sodium and chloride Convection current: the movement of fluid, like water, due to a difference in temperature and/or density Hydrothermal vent: a fissure on the seafloor that takes in dense ocean water and discharges water heated by volcanic activity below the seafloor. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Evapotranspiration: the return of water to the atmosphere from the ground surface. Troposphere: The lowest region of the Earth?s atmosphere, extending usually to around 10 km above the Earth?s surface. Tropopause: The top-most boundary of the troposphere. Low Pressure System: An area of relatively low pressure that draws air into it, causing converging winds. Micro-climate: The climate of a very small or restricted area. Heat Island: An urban area that has higher average temperatures than its surrounding due to the heat absorption of materials like concrete and asphalt. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Radar aeroecology - the use of radar to study airborne life, like birds, bats, and bugs Radar ornithology - the use of radar to study birds, especially bird migration Dual-polarization radar - radar that transmits and receives waves in both a horizontal and vertical orientation, giving a better idea of a target?s size, shape, and variety. Doppler effect - a change in a wave?s frequency in relation to whatever is observing it, such as a radar, but also your ears (it?s the reason a sound like an ambulance siren changes as it gets closer or further away from you). MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Allergy: A damaging immune response by the body to a substance. Allergen: The substance that causes the allergic reaction. Urushiol: The allergen in poison ivy and poison oak. Allergic Contact Dermatitis: An allergic response caused by contact with a substance that causes rash or lesions at the site of the exposure. Langerhans Cell: An immune sentinel that lives in the epidermis of the skin but can travel to nearby lymph nodes. Helper T Cell: A type of white blood cell that activates immune responses in the body. Thrush: A white skin rash caused by the fungus candida. Anaphylaxis: A whole body allergic reaction that can include throat swelling. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Astronomical seasons - seasons that are defined by equinoxes and solstices (not temperature or weather) Equinox: the time/dates at which the sun crosses the celestial equator, when day and night are of approximately equal length Solstice: the time/dates at which the sun reaches its maximum or minimum declination, marked by the longest and shortest days Seasonal lag: the phenomenon by which the hottest/coldest days of the year are delayed until after the days with the most/least sunlight MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Competitive Exclusion Principle: The idea that two similar species cannot inhabit the same ecological niche. Phytoplankton: Microscopic flora that drift with the ocean currents. Lotka-Volterra Competitive Equations: A simple model of the population dynamics of species competing for the same resources. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ?????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ?????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth?????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ?????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth?????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ?????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ?????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com?????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: climacteric: a pattern of fruit ripening associated with increased ethylene production and a rise in cellular respiration (meaning that the fruit can ripen off the plant) nonclimacteric: ripening that is not characterized by a peak of ethylene production or respiration (and must happen on the plant) MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ?????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info????????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ?????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth?????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ?????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth?????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ?????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books????????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ?????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com?????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Storm surge: a sea level rise caused by strong winds pushing the water and a change in atmospheric pressure of a storm. Hurricane: a tropical cyclone occurring in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale: the current scale used to categorize hurricanes from 1 to 5 based on the hurricane?s maximum sustained wind speed. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Ozone layer: A thin layer of ozone concentrated in the Earth?s stratosphere roughly 10 kilometers above that absorbs most of the sun?s ultraviolet radiation before it hits the Earth?s surface. Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays of energy that come from the sun that can be harmful to humans and other lifeforms. Chlorofluorocarbons: Also known as CFCs, these long man-made molecules used to be widely used refrigerants and solvents before it was discovered that - when exposed to ultraviolet radiation - their chlorine atoms would break off and combine with ozone molecules. Smallpox: A virus that killed more than half a billion humans before being eradicated in 1980. Disease Surveillance: A practice by which disease progressions are closely monitored in order to minimize the harm caused by outbreaks. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Metabolism: The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Square-cube Law: A mathematical principle which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases. Kleiber?s Law: The observation that, for the vast majority of animals, an animal's metabolic rate scales to the 3?4 power of the animal's mass. Calorie: Unit of energy. One food calorie equals 1 kilocalorie. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Dermal denticles: also called placoid scales, they?re the most primitive form of fish scales that are structurally similar to teeth and are today found only in sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Outside-in theory: The strongest theory for the evolution of teeth, which are thought to have evolved from dermal denticle scales. Ostracoderms: Extinct armored jawless fish that lived in the Paleozoic Era Thelodonts: Extinct jawless fish that had individual scales as opposed to plates of armor Placoderms: Now extinct, they were some of the first jawed fish and lived from the Silurian through the Devonian era. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Megafauna: Large animals, usually over 45 Kgs. Anthropocene era: A proposed time period delineated the age during which human activity has been the dominant force on the environment and the climate. Holocene Extinction: An ongoing extinction event of species due to human activity. Fertility Rate: The number of babies an organism has in its lifetime. Omnivory: The ability to eat food from two different trophic levels. Bubble-Net Feeding: A cooperative hunting technique where groups of whales use bubbles to disorient fish prey. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Poison: A substance that is capable of causing illness or death when introduced or absorbed. Overdose: A dangerously large dose of a substance. Biotransformation: The process by which foreign chemicals are transformed by the body into less toxic substances. Polydipsia: The medical term for feelings of extreme thirst that can lead to hyponatremia. Hyponatremia: Abnormally low sodium in the blood often caused by excessive water consumption. Lethal Concentration - The concentration a substance needs to be in the bloodstream to kill 50% of subjects. Metabolism - the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Toxicity - the quality of being toxic or poisonous. Excretion - the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ?????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info????????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ?????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth?????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ?????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth?????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ?????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books????????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ?????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com?????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Foraging: to search widely for food. Optimal Foraging Theory: A behavioral model that describes how an animal should behave when searching for food. Surplus Killing: a common behavior exhibited by predators, in which they kill more prey than they can immediately eat and then cache or abandon the remainder. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Fever: a rise in body temperature, usually caused by infection Heat shock proteins (HSP): a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions Neutrophils: white blood cells that play an important role in inflammation and are early responders to pathogens. T cells: major components of the adaptive immune system whose roles include regulating the immune response to pathogens. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ????????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info???????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ????????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth????????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ????????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth????????????????????????   - Buy our book: ????????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books???????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ????????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com????????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Life Expectancy At Birth: The average number of years a newborn in a particular group could expect to live. Mortality Rate: The frequency of occurrence of death within a particular group during a particular time period. Life Table: A table that shows the number of individuals within a group that survive from one year to the next until they are all dead. Survivorship Curve: A plot of the data in a particular life table that shows the years on the x-axis and the number or percent of survivors on the y-axis. Infant Mortality: The death of an infant before his or her first birthday. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Wood: A bunch of cellulose fibers intertwined with lignin usually found in the trunk of a tree. Trunk: A wooden stem that thickens over time. Bonsai: An ornamental tree or shrub that is artificially prevented from reaching its normal size. Shrub: A woody plant that is smaller than a tree. Gymnosperm: A group of plants, including conifers, that have naked seeds. Angiosperm: A group of plants, including lots of other ?trees? that have enclosed seeds. Monocots: A group of flowering plants - mostly angiosperms - with a single embryonic leaf that includes palm trees. Dicots: A group of flowering plants - mostly angiosperms - with two embryonic leaves that includes oak trees. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Handedness: the tendency to use one hand more than the other for specific tasks MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Particulate matter: often abbreviated PM, it is the sum of all the tiny particles and drops of liquid suspended in the air including soil, soot, dust, metals, and acids like nitrates. Air quality: a measurement of how polluted the air is, judged by the level of known pollutants in the air like NO2 and particulate matter like soot. Ozonolysis: an organic chemical reaction wherein ozone cleaves a carbon-carbon bond in unsaturated compounds. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ???????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info??????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ???????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth???????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ???????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth???????????????????????   - Buy our book: ???????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books??????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ???????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com???????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Amniote: Vertebrates whose embryos are enclosed in a thin sac. Cloaca: A posterior orifice used for excretion and reproduction. Cloacal Kiss: A method that penisless amniotes use to mate, which involves males and females momentarily pressing their cloacae together. Tuatara: Reptiles endemic to New Zealand that are the only surviving members of their ancient amniote group. Hemipenis: One of the paired copulatory organs of lizards and snakes. Bmp4: A protein that, when present, stifles the growth of penises in chick embryos. Convergent Evolution: The independent evolution of similar features in different species. MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ??????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info?????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ??????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth??????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ??????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth??????????????????????   - Buy our book: ??????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books?????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ??????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com??????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC ?????????????????????https://neptunestudios.info????????????????????? If you like what we do, you can help us! - Become our patron: ?????????????????????https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth?????????????????????   - Buy our merch: ?????????????????????http://dftba.com/minuteearth?????????????????????   - Buy our book: ?????????????????????https://minuteearth.com/books????????????????????? - Sign up to our newsletter: ?????????????????????http://news.minuteearth.com?????????????????????   - Share with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices