Sometimes, doctors use something called anesthesia to help them treat patients. Anesthesia can be different substances, but they all prevent our bodies from feeling pain during a medical treatment or surgery. So how does anesthesia stop us from feeling pain?
We asked Dr. Kaveh Hoda to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s topical? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll find a painless answer!

We all have a belly button. Right there, in the middle of our belly, there?s a nub. Some go in, some stick out, but what exactly are they for? We asked pediatrician Emma Gerstenzang to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s hard to stomach? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help digest the answer for you!

Have you ever woken up in the morning with the corners of your eyes filled with crud? Sleepy sand? Eye goblins? Dozy dust? Bed boogers? Why do our eyes make this stuff, anyway? And why does it build up when we?re asleep? We asked Yale eye doctor Soshian Sarrafpour to help us get to the bottom of this issue.

Got a question that you can?t keep a lid on? Send it to us atBrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll find someone who can answer it in the blink of an eye.  

Bug spray helps us keep mosquitoes and other insects away. But how does it work? We asked insect expert Meredith Cenzer to help us find the answer.

Got a question buzzing around your brain? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll bug some experts until we get an answer!

A mosquito bites you. Your grandma knits you a scratchy blanket. Your friend tickles you with a feathery cat toy. What do all of these things have in common? They make you itch! Listener Samantha was wondering just why that is, and neuroscientist Sonali Mali says she?s always wondered the same thing, so that?s why she studies it!

Got a question tickling at your brain? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, because we?re just itching to help you find the answer!

Antibiotics are a kind of medicine that a doctor might give you to help you fight off an infection. But there are also things called probiotics in food and vitamins. So what?s the difference between probiotics and antibiotics? We asked Dr. Kaveh Hoda to help us find the answer.

Got a question that your gut tells you is a great one? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll send you a small-batch, artisanally fermented answer!

Music boxes are hand-cranked toys that play a tinkly little tune. How do they make their music? We asked music box maker Richard Upchurch to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s making you cranky? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll find a harmonious answer.

Pugs! They?re adorable! The internet loves them for their sassy personalities and squishy faces. But how did the pug?s face get so smushed? Why are pug noses different from terrier sniffers or German shepherd snoots? We asked animal geneticist Jeffrey Schoenebeck to help us sniff out the answer. 

Got a question that?s right in front of your schnozz? Send it to us atBrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll find someone who NOSE the answer.

Have you ever played with a Magic 8-Ball? They?re black and white toy balls ? but with a twist! People ask the Magic 8-Ball a question, shake it, and it gives you an answer!   How do these toys work? And when were they invented?  We asked Chris Bensch, head curator of the Strong Museum of Play in Rochester, NY to help us out. 

Got a question that you?re toying with?  Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll shake up an answer.

Our mouths have a lot going on. They have teeth and a tongue and they help us talk and eat. But what about saliva? It seems important, right? How do our bodies know to make it? We asked otolaryngologist Dr. Laura Orvidas to help us learn all about saliva. 

Got a question that you just can?t lick? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help find an answer.

Flannel is a soft, comfy fabric used to make shirts, cozy winter bed sheets and all kinds of other stuff. But how is it made?  We asked fabric expert Susan Brown to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s got you woolgathering? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help you weave your way to the right answer! 

A volcano forms when the hot melted rock deep under the Earth?s crust bubbles to the surface and breaks through. Sometimes, a volcano will go from active to dormant, meaning it doesn?t erupt anymore. How does that happen? We asked geochemist Kelsey Woody to help us find the answer.

Got a question of seismic proportions? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help find a MAGMAnificent answer!

If sharks were around in the time of dinosaurs, how are they still here today when dinosaurs have gone extinct? Were some just really, really good at hiding from the asteroid that hit Earth? For this episode, we talked to Karen Chin, a professor of Geological Sciences at the University of Colorado. 

Got a question you want to sink your teeth into? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll try our best to fin-ish what you started!

A volcano forms when the hot melted rock deep under the Earth?s crust bubbles to the surface and breaks through. Sometimes, a volcano will go from active to dormant, meaning it doesn?t erupt anymore. How does that happen? We asked geochemist Kelsey Woody to help us find the answer.

Got a question of seismic proportions? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help find a MAGMAnificent answer!

A lot of people like root beer! But it?s kind of hard to describe, right? It?s really got a unique taste. We asked Ashley Rose-Young, a historian from the Smithsonian's Museum of Natural History, to help explain exactly what the flavor of root beer is, and share a little of the history behind this yummy drink. 

Got a question that?s poppin? around your brain? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help get to the root of the issue.

Our body has lots of ways to fight off the germs that make us sick. One of those ways is to crank up our internal temperature to make it too hot for harmful bacteria to survive. This is called a fever. How do our bodies reach those hot fever temperatures? We asked physician Dr. Joe Alcock to help us find the answer.

Got a burning question? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help find an answer that?s a real fever reliever!  

QR codes are little black-and-white squares that you might have seen on food packages, movie tickets, restaurant menus, and lots of other places. You take a picture of the code with your smartphone and then your phone takes you to a certain website! But how does your phone know what all those random little dots mean? We asked computer engineer Sam Dickerson to help us find the answer.

Got a question that you just can?t crack? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help decode the answer.

Solar panels absorb light from the sun and turn it into electricity. They can power everything from a calculator to a whole country! How does this sunny science sorcery work? We asked solar power expert Karl Wagner to help us find the answer.

Got a sUN-believably cool question? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll power through til we find the answer! 

3D printers are pretty awesome. Unlike the machines that print pictures or words on paper, 3D printers can create things you can hold in your hand ? like fun-shaped food, cameras and even guitars. So how do they do it? We asked printing expert Robin Schwartzman from the University of Minnesota to help us find the answer.

Got a question that jumps off the page? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll see if we can get an answer to materialize. 

Computers are awesome machines. They help us do so many things ? from looking up facts to watching hilarious videos. But what exactly makes a computer a computer? We asked computer engineer Sam Dickerson to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s hard to compute? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help process it.

Computers can do all sorts of amazing things, from solving complicated math problems to showing us videos of dancing birds. Computers do all that thanks to something called ?binary code?, which is a code that is made up of only two numbers,  1 and 0. But exactly how does it all work? We asked computer engineer Sam Dickerson to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s hard-driving you bonkers? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll  help compute the answer.

Our world is full of sound, but what happens when we leave Earth?s atmosphere? Is it true that there?s no sound in space, or are there ways to listen to the universe? We asked NASA scientist Dr. Kimberly Arcand to help us find the answer.

Got a question that sounds interesting? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll make space for an answer!

There are lots of reasons to sneeze - you have a cold, you get a whiff of pepper or someone tickles your nose with a feather! But why is it that dust makes us sneeze? We asked otolaryngologist Laura Orvidas to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s gathering dust in your brain? Send it to us atBrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help you sniff out the answer.

Iron is a metal that we dig out of the ground and use to make everything from kitchen knives to skyscrapers. Most of the iron we use comes out of rocks. But do all rocks have iron in them? We asked geochemist Kelsey Woody to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s totally metal? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help iron out the answer!

If you?ve ever had the unfortunate experience of breaking a bone, it?s not the most fun. But can muscles break in the same way bones can? One listener was wondering about this, and physical therapist Karen Litzy helps us get a leg up on the issue. 

Do you have a question you?d like to ask? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help find the answer!

Sometimes when we get sick, our body reacts by cranking up our internal temperature to make a fever. This helps get rid of invading bacteria or viruses. But sometimes when you have a fever, you feel cold instead of hot. What?s up with that? We asked ER doctor Joe Alcock to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s just chillin? in your brain?? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll work feverishly to find the answer!

Hermit crabs carry their shells with them wherever they go?but they don?t make their own shells! Unlike other species of crab, hermit crabs use shells from other animals for protection. So why aren?t they born with shells of their own? We asked crab researcher Tuck Hines to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s making you crabby? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll share the answer un-shellfish-ly!

Are you left-handed or right-handed? Chances are you?re right handed, because more people are (though if you?re left-handed, that?s cool too!). So why are more people right-handed? We asked paleontologist Alexander Claxton to help us get to the bottom of this question. 

Got a question whose answer you can?t quite put your finger on? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help point out the answer.

There are thousands of species of butterflies, all with unique patterns of color on their wings. How did those designs get there? We asked butterfly collection curator Blanca Huertas to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s cocooned in your brain? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll send an answer winging your way!

An inevitability of life is that humans have to go to the dentist. Some people love it, some hate it! But taking care of our teeth is super important. Do our kitty friends have to do the same thing? Large animal surgeon Whitney Cutrone answers this very question.

Got a question that?s got some bite? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help find an answer right meow!

Lava is the red-hot gloop that comes pouring out of an erupting volcano. But what is it made out of? Some sort of supercharged Silly Putty? Volcano guts? Super-spicy habanero sauce? We asked geoscience grad student Kelsey Woody to help us find the answer.

Got a real scorcher of a question? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, we?d LAVA to find the answer for you.

It?s impressive to see a gorilla beat its chest. But why do they do it? We?ve tackled this question before, but  there?s a new scientific scoop about this primate percussion! We asked primatologist Andrea DiGiorgio to tell us about it. 

Got a question that you want to get off your chest? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll get an answer ready to GO(rilla).   

Lots of plants are smooth to the touch, and some are even soft and feathery like flowers! So why are cactuses prickly and sometimes even painful? We asked botanist Rachel Jabaily from Colorado College to answer this spine-tingling question. 

Got a question that?s prickling at your brain? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help sharpen you up.

Bananas are a delicious, nutritious fruit! You can pack them in a picnic lunch or bake them into a sweet nutty banana bread. But are bananas radioactive? We asked Dr. Robert Chin to help us find the answer.

Got a really a-PEEL-ing question? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll find bunches of answers for you!

If you?ve ever stood up quickly and felt a little wobbly and tingly in your legs, you might be familiar with the sensation of having a body part that has fallen asleep! Why does that happen and how can we fix it? Otolaryngologist Karen Litzy helps us get to the bottom of this mystery. 

Got a question that you just can?t stand not knowing the answer to? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help you get a leg up on that topic!

You can use a scale to measure how heavy something is?but what if that something is really big? Like, really, REALLY big? Like the WHOLE continent of North America? There?s no scale big enough, so you gotta use science and math! We asked geoscience grad student Kelsey Woody to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s weighing heavily on you? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help lighten the load by finding the answer!

Have you ever looked at the keyboard on a phone or computer and wondered why the letters are arranged the way they are? The English alphabet starts with A-B-C-D-E, so why do keyboards start with Q-W-E-R-T-Y? We asked historian and museum curator Kristen Gallerneaux to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s just the right type? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help spell out the answer.

You don?t see most horses wearing pants, jackets or hats but one thing is for sure - they?re almost always wearing shoes! You know, those u-shaped things attached to their hooves. Why is that? Large animal surgeon Whitney Cutrone helps us find the answer. 

Are you saddled with a big equestrian? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll get to the mane issue.

It?s so satisfying to pour a glass of sparkling water. All those tiny bubbles, popping in rapid succession, creating a soothing fizz. Sparkling drinks are also called carbonated beverages. But what is a carbonated beverage? Where do the bubbles come from? We asked food scientist Adam Johnson to explain.

Got a question floating around in your brain? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll make sure an answer pops up!

If you plant certain seeds in the right condition - a plant or tree might grow. But what happens if you plant a popcorn kernel? Will a bowl of popcorn grow right out of the ground? We needed to know, so we asked Phil Fox of Popcornopolis to help us find the answer. 

Are you searching for a kernel of truth? Send your question to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and you butter believe we?ll help find the answer.

The internet has been around since the 1960s, and since then it has become a huge part of our lives. We use it to look up cool facts, send messages, order pizza?and listen to podcasts! But how does the internet actually work? We asked computer scientist Vikram Iyer to help us find the answer.

Got a question written in your search bar? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll help connect you with the answer!

Outer space is far from empty. There are chunks of space rock zipping around, and occasionally one of them finds its way through our atmosphere to smack into Earth?s surface. There?s usually metal contained within those space rocks?but where does the metal come from? We asked planetary geologist Paul Byrne to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s totally metal?  Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll STARt looking for an answer!

So there?s this big, bumpy muscle inside of our mouths and we know it?s important and that we have to take great care of it. But what?s it even for? We asked Otolaryngologist Laura Orvidas from the Mayo Clinic to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s got you all tongue tied? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll muscle an answer out of an expert.

Coffee is known for giving people energy. In fact, some say they can?t start their day without coffee! It made us wonder why coffee helps us stay awake.  We asked dietician and nutritionist Maria Cruz to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s percolating in your brain? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll find an answer and spill the beans for you.

Mammals have hair to help keep warm in the cold, and in some cases - to look awesome! But why do raspberries have those little hairs all over them? They don?t get cold - do they? We asked Emily Hoover from the University of Minnesota to help us understand.

Got a question that?s berry hard to answer? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll pick an expert to answer it!

There are lots of foods that are blue-raspberry flavored, like candy, popsicles, or fizzy drinks. But there?s no such thing as a blue raspberry?so where does that flavor come from? We asked food scientist Adam Johnson to help us find the answer.

Got a TASTEful question? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll do you a flavor and find the answer.

Sometimes people dream about similar things, like losing teeth, being chased by monsters, or forgetting to study for a test. Why are there some kinds of dreams that people share? We asked dream researcher Tore Nielsen to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s just dreamy? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we?ll share the answer with you.

Ahhh! There is nothing worse than waking up in the middle of the night after a nightmare.  Your heart is pounding, you?re all sweaty and suddenly your room seems so dark. Sometimes, you?re almost too scared to close your eyes and try to fall back asleep.  What?s the point of these scary dreams anyway? Is there a reason we have them at all?  We reached out to sleep scientist Ketema Paul to get the answer.  

Got a question keeping you up at night?  Send it to us at brains on dot org slash contact and we?ll wake you up with the answer.

Have you ever had a dream that felt so real you thought it actually happened? Our brain can cook up some really vivid images while we sleep, complete with sounds and even emotions. So how do we tell the difference between dreams and real life? We asked dream researcher Tore Nielsen to help us find the answer.

Got a question that you?re dreaming about? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact ? we won?t snooze on finding the answer!

Dreams can be fun, scary or just plain weird. We typically dream for around two hours a night, but we usually don?t remember what we dreamt about. So what happens? We asked dream researcher Tore Nielsen to help us find the answer.

Got a question that?s haunting your dreams at night? Send it to us at BrainsOn.org/contact, and we won?t rest until we find an answer!