Michael Levin is a biologist at Tufts University working on novel ways to understand and control complex pattern formation in biological systems.
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https://lexfridman.com/michael-levin-2-transcript

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Michael Levin’s X: https://x.com/drmichaellevin
Michael Levin’s Website: https://drmichaellevin.org
Michael Levin’s Papers: https://drmichaellevin.org/publications/
– Biological Robots: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.00880
– Classical Sorting Algorithms: https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.05375
– Aging as a Morphostasis Defect: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38636560/
– TAME: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.10346
– Synthetic Living Machines: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.abf1571

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:09) – Biological intelligence
(18:42) – Living vs non-living organisms
(23:55) – Origin of life
(27:40) – The search for alien life (on Earth)
(1:00:44) – Creating life in the lab – Xenobots and Anthrobots
(1:13:46) – Memories and ideas are living organisms
(1:27:26) – Reality is an illusion: The brain is an interface to a hidden reality
(2:13:13) – Unexpected Intelligence in sorting algorithms
(2:38:51) – Can aging be reversed?
(2:42:41) – Mind uploading
(3:01:22) – Alien intelligence
(3:16:17) – Advice for young people
(3:22:46) – Questions for AGI

David Kirtley is a nuclear fusion engineer and CEO of Helion Energy, a company working on building the world’s first commercial fusion power plant by 2028.
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https://lexfridman.com/david-kirtley-transcript

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David’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4qX0KXp
Helion: https://www.helionenergy.com/
Helion’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/HelionEnergy

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:35) – Nuclear fission vs fusion
(21:35) – Physics of E=mc^2
(26:50) – Is nuclear fusion safe?
(32:11) – Chernobyl
(38:38) – Geopolitics
(40:33) – Extreme scenarios
(47:28) – How nuclear fusion works
(1:20:20) – Extreme temperatures
(1:25:21) – Fusion control and simulation
(1:37:15) – Electricity from fusion
(2:11:20) – First fusion power plant in 2028
(2:18:13) – Energy needs of GPU clusters
(2:28:38) – Kardashev scale
(2:36:33) – Fermi Paradox

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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Dan Houser is co-founder of Rockstar Games and is a legendary creative mind behind Grand Theft Auto (GTA) and Red Dead Redemption series of video games.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Absurd Adventures: https://absurdventures.com
A Better Paradise: https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0FCYSK8VD
American Caper: https://absurdventures.com/americancaper

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:32) – Greatest films of all time
(23:45) – Making video games
(26:36) – GTA 3
(29:55) – Open world video games
(32:42) – Character creation
(36:09) – Superintelligent AI in A Better Paradise
(45:21) – Can LLMs write video games?
(49:41) – Creating GTA 4 and GTA 5
(1:01:16) – Hard work and Rockstar’s culture of excellence
(1:04:56) – GTA 6
(1:21:46) – Red Dead Redemption 2
(2:01:39) – DLCs for GTA and Red Dead Redemption
(2:07:58) – Leaving Rockstar Games
(2:17:22) – Greatest game of all time
(2:22:10) – Life lessons from father
(2:24:29) – Mortality
(2:41:47) – Advice for young people
(2:47:49) – Future of video games

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Julia Shaw is a criminal psychologist and author who in her books explores human nature, including psychopathy, violent crime, the psychology of evil, police interrogation, false memory manipulation, deception detection, and human sexuality.
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https://lexfridman.com/julia-shaw-transcript

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Julia’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/drjuliashaw
Julia’s Website: https://www.drjuliashaw.com/
Julia’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/drjuliashaw
Julia’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/drjuliashaw/
Julia’s Books: https://amzn.to/4mQBnTV
Green Crime (US Book): https://amzn.to/4nLfSVE
Green Crime (Canadian Book): https://amzn.to/47lBAdc

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:00) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:16) – Dark Tetrad – Psychopathy, Narcissism, Machiavellianism, Sadism
(29:23) – Serial killers
(43:59) – Murder
(51:51) – Lies and scams
(56:38) – Jealousy
(1:00:07) – Monogamy
(1:05:20) – Sexuality
(1:20:21) – Sexual fetishes
(1:35:56) – Criminal psychology
(1:39:04) – False memories
(2:25:01) – Criminals destroying the planet
(2:40:24) – Hope

PODCAST LINKS:
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Pavel Durov is the founder and CEO of Telegram.
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https://lexfridman.com/pavel-durov-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Pavel’s Telegram: https://t.me/durov
Pavel’s X: https://x.com/durov
Telegram: https://telegram.org/
Telegram Contests: https://contest.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(02:46) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(11:29) – Philosophy of freedom
(14:37) – No alcohol
(22:42) – No phone
(28:38) – Discipline
(49:50) – Telegram: Lean philosophy, privacy, and geopolitics
(1:05:12) – Arrest in France
(1:21:23) – Romanian elections
(1:32:18) – Power and corruption
(1:41:50) – Intense education
(1:53:51) – Nikolai Durov
(1:58:19) – Programming and video games
(2:02:33) – VK origins & engineering
(2:19:46) – Hiring a great team
(2:29:02) – Telegram engineering & design
(2:48:04) – Encryption
(2:53:01) – Open source
(2:57:48) – Edward Snowden
(3:00:20) – Intelligence agencies
(3:01:32) – Iran and Russia government pressure
(3:04:41) – Apple
(3:11:38) – Poisoning
(3:43:53) – Money
(3:52:45) – TON
(4:02:35) – Bitcoin
(4:05:34) – Two chairs dilemma
(4:12:14) – Children
(4:23:24) – Father
(4:27:55) – Quantum immortality
(4:34:27) – Kafka

PODCAST LINKS:
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– Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Norman Ohler is a historian and author of “Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich,” a book that investigates the role of psychoactive drugs, particularly stimulants such as methamphetamine, in the military history of World War II. It is a book that two legendary historians Ian Kershaw and Antony Beevor give very high praise for its depth of research. Norman also wrote “Tripped: Nazi Germany, the CIA, and the Dawn of the Psychedelic Age”, and he is working on a new book “Stoned Sapiens” looking at the history of human civilization through the lens of drugs.
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https://lexfridman.com/norman-ohler-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Stoned Sapiens Substack: https://substack.com/@stonedsapiens
Norman’s X: https://x.com/normanohler
Norman’s Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/normanohler
Norman’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@Norman-Ohler
Norman’s Website: https://www.normanohler.de
Norman’s books: https://amzn.to/46uNS18
Blitzed: https://amzn.to/4mmY2XC
The Bohemians: https://amzn.to/3KubPhK
Tripped: https://amzn.to/4nEy7eX

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:09) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:00) – Drugs in post-WWI Germany
(19:18) – Nazi rise to power
(23:45) – Hitler’s drug use
(29:37) – Response to historian criticism
(46:16) – Pervitin
(1:00:15) – Blitzkrieg and meth
(1:18:52) – Erwin Rommel (Crystal Fox)
(1:23:02) – Dunkirk
(1:31:06) – Hitler’s drug addiction
(1:47:03) – Methamphetamine
(1:48:57) – Invasion of Soviet Union
(2:07:54) – Cocaine
(2:16:49) – Hitler’s last days
(2:36:48) – German resistance against Nazis
(2:58:59) – Totalitarianism
(3:04:09) – Stoned Sapiens – Drugs in human history
(3:19:20) – Religion
(3:30:09) – LSD, CIA, and MKUltra
(3:55:39) – Writing on drugs
(4:08:40) – Berlin night clubs
(4:19:14) – Greatest book ever written

Dave Hone is a paleontologist, expert on dinosaurs, co-host of the Terrible Lizards podcast, and author of numerous scientific papers and books on the behavior and ecology of dinosaurs. He lectures at Queen Mary University of London on topics of Ecology, Zoology, Biology, and Evolution.
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https://lexfridman.com/dave-hone-transcript

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Dave’s Website: https://www.davehone.co.uk/
Dave’s Books: https://amzn.to/4pbk828
Terrible Lizards Podcast: https://terriblelizards.libsyn.com/
Dave’s Blog: https://archosaurmusings.wordpress.com/
Dave’s Academic Website: https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbbs/staff/davidhone.html

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:22) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:18) – T-Rex’s size & biomechanics
(31:00) – T-Rex’s hunting strategies
(44:07) – History of dinosaurs on Earth
(1:04:38) – $31.8 million T-Rex fossil
(1:17:44) – T-Rex’s skull and bone-crushing bite force
(1:36:33) – What Jurassic Park got wrong
(1:54:52) – Evolution and sexual selection
(2:15:26) – Spinosaurus
(2:26:02) – What Jurassic Park got right
(2:33:35) – T-Rex’s intelligence
(2:43:34) – Cannibalism among T-Rex
(2:49:05) – Extinction of the dinosaurs
(3:06:15) – Dragons
(3:22:39) – Birds are dinosaurs
(3:33:23) – Future of paleontology

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– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Dave Plummer is a programmer, former Microsoft software engineer (Windows 95, NT, XP), creator of Task Manager, author of two books on autism, and host of the Dave’s Garage YouTube channel, where he shares stories from his career, insights on software development, and deep dives into technology.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Dave’s X: https://x.com/davepl1968
Dave’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@DavesGarage
Dave’s Secondary YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@davepl
Dave’s GitHub: https://github.com/PlummersSoftwareLLC
Dave’s Books: https://amzn.to/41qd5IB

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(01:14) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:16) – First computer
(15:54) – Dropping out of high-school
(23:35) – Joining Microsoft
(25:47) – MS-DOS
(28:59) – Windows 95
(35:46) – The man behind Windows
(40:42) – Debugging
(45:59) – Task Manager
(51:08) – 3D Pinball: Space Cadet
(56:07) – Start menu and taskbar
(1:07:06) – Blue Screen of Death
(1:09:15) – Best programmers
(1:17:16) – Scariest time of Dave’s life
(1:24:44) – Best Windows version
(1:26:34) – Slot machines
(1:30:17) – Autism and ADHD
(1:49:37) – Fastest programming language
(1:53:42) – Future of programming

PODCAST LINKS:
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Scott Horton is the director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, co-host of Provoked, and for the past three decades a staunch critic of U.S. military interventionism.
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Supplemental Notes & Corrections: https://lexfridman.com/scott-horton-links-and-notes/
Scott’s X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow
Scott Horton Show: https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow
Provoked Show: https://youtube.com/@Provoked_Show
Scott’s Substack: https://scotthortonshow.com/
Scott’s Website: https://scotthorton.org/
Scott’s Books: https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y
Libertarian Institute: https://libertarianinstitute.org/
Antiwar.com: https://antiwar.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:35) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:14) – From the Cold War to the War on Terror
(1:02:13) – Iraq War 1
(1:30:17) – Bin Laden
(2:29:39) – Afghanistan War
(2:44:35) – Iraq War 2
(3:10:59) – Military Industrial Complex
(3:50:25) – Scott’s life story
(4:20:15) – Iraq War 2 (continued)
(5:11:43) – Syria
(6:05:01) – Iraq War 3
(6:17:28) – Somalia
(6:22:56) – Iran
(7:12:41) – Israel-Palestine
(9:02:19) – Cold War 2.0

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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Keyu Jin is an economist specializing in China’s economy, international macroeconomics, global trade imbalances, and financial policy. She is the author of The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism.
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https://lexfridman.com/keyu-jin-transcript

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Keyu’s X: https://x.com/KeyuJin
Keyu’s Website: https://keyujin.com/
The New China Playbook (Book): https://amzn.to/4lpgmyK

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:35) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:26) – Misconceptions about China
(12:57) – Education in China
(22:14) – Economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping
(27:33) – Mayor economy and GDP growth race
(41:20) – Growing up in China
(46:58) – First time in the US
(51:12) – China’s government vs business sector
(54:46) – Communism and capitalism
(58:25) – Jack Ma
(1:04:37) – China’s view on innovation and copying ideas
(1:11:15) – DeepSeek moment
(1:15:09) – CHIPS Act
(1:16:56) – Tariffs and Trade
(1:29:21) – Immigration
(1:34:08) – Taiwan
(1:39:54) – One-child policy
(1:47:51) – China’s economy collapse predictions
(1:52:34) – Advice for visiting China

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Jack Weatherford is an anthropologist and historian specializing in Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.
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Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World: https://amzn.to/4l45LsY
The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: https://amzn.to/4l22uud
Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: https://amzn.to/4fpOQA4
Emperor of the Seas: Kublai Khan and the Making of China: https://amzn.to/40JEll1

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:44) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:44) – Origin story of Genghis Khan
(52:30) – Early battles & conquests
(1:05:11) – Power
(1:07:33) – Secret History
(1:20:58) – Mongolian steppe
(1:24:16) – Mounted archery and horse-riding
(1:32:36) – Genghis Khan’s army
(1:48:49) – Military tactics and strategy
(2:01:13) – Wars of conquest
(2:05:37) – Dan Carlin
(2:15:37) – Religious freedom
(2:31:24) – Trade and the Silk Road
(2:40:10) – Weapons innovation
(2:41:40) – Kublai Khan and conquering China
(3:23:31) – Fall of the Mongol Empire
(3:50:26) – Genetic legacy
(4:00:20) – Lessons from Genghis Khan
(4:10:36) – Human nature
(4:13:47) – Visiting Mongolia
(4:33:15) – Lex: Dan Carlin
(4:36:06) – Lex: Gaza

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Demis Hassabis is the CEO of Google DeepMind and Nobel Prize winner for his groundbreaking work in protein structure prediction using AI.
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DeepMind’s Website: https://deepmind.google/
Gemini’s Website: https://gemini.google.com/
Isomorphic Labs: https://isomorphiclabs.com/
The MANIAC (book): https://amzn.to/4lOXJ81
Life Ascending (book): https://amzn.to/3AhUP7z

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:29) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:40) – Learnable patterns in nature
(12:22) – Computation and P vs NP
(21:00) – Veo 3 and understanding reality
(25:24) – Video games
(37:26) – AlphaEvolve
(43:27) – AI research
(47:51) – Simulating a biological organism
(52:34) – Origin of life
(58:49) – Path to AGI
(1:09:35) – Scaling laws
(1:12:51) – Compute
(1:15:38) – Future of energy
(1:19:34) – Human nature
(1:24:28) – Google and the race to AGI
(1:42:27) – Competition and AI talent
(1:49:01) – Future of programming
(1:55:27) – John von Neumann
(2:04:41) – p(doom)
(2:09:24) – Humanity
(2:12:30) – Consciousness and quantum computation
(2:18:40) – David Foster Wallace
(2:25:54) – Education and research

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David Heinemeier Hansson (aka DHH) is a legendary programmer, creator of Ruby on Rails, co-owner & CTO of 37signals that created Basecamp, HEY, & ONCE, and is a NYT-best-selling author (with Jason Fried) of 4 books: REWORK, REMOTE, Getting Real, and It Doesn’t Have To Be Crazy At Work. He is also a race car driver, including a class-winning performance at the 24 hour Le Mans race.
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DHH’s X: https://x.com/dhh
DHH’s Website: https://dhh.dk/
Ruby on Rails: https://rubyonrails.org/
37signals: https://37signals.com/

DHH’s books:
Rework: https://amzn.to/44rSKob
Remote: https://amzn.to/44GFJ91
It Doesn’t Have to Be Crazy at Work: https://amzn.to/46bzuwx
Getting Real: https://amzn.to/4kzoMDg

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:58) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:48) – Programming – early days
(26:13) – JavaScript
(36:32) – Google Chrome and DOJ
(44:19) – Ruby programming language
(51:30) – Beautiful code
(1:09:31) – Metaprogramming
(1:12:52) – Dynamic typing
(1:20:10) – Scaling
(1:33:03) – Future of programming
(1:50:34) – Future of AI
(1:56:29) – Vibe coding
(2:05:01) – Rails manifesto: Principles of a great programming language
(2:29:27) – Why managers are useless
(2:38:48) – Small teams
(2:44:55) – Jeff Bezos
(3:00:13) – Why meetings are toxic
(3:07:58) – Case against retirement
(3:15:15) – Hard work
(3:20:53) – Why we left the cloud
(3:24:04) – AWS
(3:33:22) – Owning your own servers
(3:39:35) – Elon Musk
(3:49:17) – Apple
(4:01:03) – Tim Sweeney
(4:12:37) – Fatherhood
(4:38:19) – Racing
(5:05:23) – Cars
(5:10:41) – Programming setup
(5:25:51) – Programming language for beginners
(5:39:09) – Open source
(5:48:01) – WordPress drama
(5:59:18) – Money and happiness
(6:08:11) – Hope

Debate on Iran war between Scott Horton and Mark Dubowitz. Scott Horton is the author and director of the Libertarian Institute, editorial director of Antiwar.com, host of The Scott Horton Show, and for the past three decades, a staunch critic of U.S. foreign policy and military interventionism. Mark Dubowitz is the chief executive of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, host of the Iran Breakdown podcast, and a leading expert on Iran and its nuclear program for over 20 years. This debate was recorded on Tuesday, June 24, after the Iran-Israel ceasefire was declared.
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Mark’s Podcast: https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmEsAFBNkqsMQnt5pypwEX0ul0NyIjd3E
The Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD): https://www.fdd.org/

Scott’s X: https://x.com/scotthortonshow
Scott’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@scotthortonshow
Scott’s Podcast: https://www.scotthortonshow.com/
Scott’s Website: https://scotthorton.org/
Scott’s Books: https://amzn.to/3T9Qg7y
The Libertarian Institute: https://libertarianinstitute.org/
Antiwar.com: https://antiwar.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(08:02) – Iran-Israel War
(16:45) – Iran’s Nuclear Program
(48:37) – Nuclear weapons and uranium
(1:00:40) – Nuclear deal
(1:26:14) – Iran Nuclear Archive
(1:48:50) – Best case and worst case near-term future
(2:24:15) – US attack on Iran – Operation Midnight Hammer
(2:47:48) – Nuclear proliferation in the future
(3:08:46) – Libertarianism
(3:21:35) – Foundation for Defense of Democracies (FDD)
(3:37:10) – Trump and Peacemaking process
(3:42:08) – WW2
(3:55:08) – WW3

Terence Tao is widely considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history. He won the Fields Medal and the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics, and has contributed to a wide range of fields from fluid dynamics with Navier-Stokes equations to mathematical physics & quantum mechanics, prime numbers & analytics number theory, harmonic analysis, compressed sensing, random matrix theory, combinatorics, and progress on many of the hardest problems in the history of mathematics.
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Terence’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@TerenceTao27
Terence’s Books: https://amzn.to/43H9Aiq

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:36) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:49) – First hard problem
(15:16) – Navier?Stokes singularity
(35:25) – Game of life
(42:00) – Infinity
(47:07) – Math vs Physics
(53:26) – Nature of reality
(1:16:08) – Theory of everything
(1:22:09) – General relativity
(1:25:37) – Solving difficult problems
(1:29:00) – AI-assisted theorem proving
(1:41:50) – Lean programming language
(1:51:50) – DeepMind’s AlphaProof
(1:56:45) – Human mathematicians vs AI
(2:06:37) – AI winning the Fields Medal
(2:13:47) – Grigori Perelman
(2:26:29) – Twin Prime Conjecture
(2:43:04) – Collatz conjecture
(2:49:50) – P = NP
(2:52:43) – Fields Medal
(3:00:18) – Andrew Wiles and Fermat’s Last Theorem
(3:04:15) – Productivity
(3:06:54) – Advice for young people
(3:15:17) – The greatest mathematician of all time

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Sundar Pichai is CEO of Google and Alphabet.
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Sundar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/sundarpichai
Sundar’s Blog: https://blog.google/authors/sundar-pichai/
Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/
Google’s YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@Google

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:55) – Growing up in India
(14:04) – Advice for young people
(15:46) – Styles of leadership
(20:07) – Impact of AI in human history
(32:17) – Veo 3 and future of video
(40:01) – Scaling laws
(43:46) – AGI and ASI
(50:11) – P(doom)
(57:02) – Toughest leadership decisions
(1:08:09) – AI mode vs Google Search
(1:21:00) – Google Chrome
(1:36:30) – Programming
(1:43:14) – Android
(1:48:27) – Questions for AGI
(1:53:42) – Future of humanity
(1:57:04) – Demo: Google Beam
(2:04:46) – Demo: Google XR Glasses
(2:07:31) – Biggest invention in human history

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James Holland is a historian specializing in World War II. He hosts a podcast called WW2 Pod: We Have Ways of Making You Talk.
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James’s X: https://x.com/James1940
James’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/jamesholland1940
James’s Substack: https://james1940.substack.com
WW2 Pod (Podcast – Apple): https://apple.co/4l93Dl3
WW2 Pod (Podcast – YouTube): https://www.youtube.com/@wehaveways
WW2 Pod (Podcast – Spotify): https://open.spotify.com/show/34VlAepHmeloDD76RX4jtc
WW2 Pod (Podcast – X): https://x.com/WeHaveWaysPod

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:34) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(07:25) – World War II
(17:23) – Lebensraum and Hitler ideology
(24:36) – Operation Barbarossa
(40:49) – Hitler vs Europe
(1:02:35) – Joseph Goebbels
(1:12:29) – Hitler before WW2
(1:17:25) – Hitler vs Chamberlain
(1:39:31) – Invasion of Poland
(1:44:07) – Molotov?Ribbentrop Pact
(1:52:09) – Winston Churchill
(2:16:09) – Most powerful military in WW2
(2:38:31) – Tanks
(2:48:30) – Battle of Stalingrad
(3:01:21) – Concentration camps
(3:10:53) – Battle of Normandy
(3:24:45) – Lessons from WW2

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Oliver Anthony is singer-songwriter who first gained worldwide fame with his viral hit Rich Men North of Richmond. He became a voice for many who are voiceless, with many of his songs speaking to the struggle of the working class in modern American life.
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Oliver’s TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@oliveranthonymusic
Oliver’s Website: https://oliveranthonymusic.com/
Oliver’s FaceBook: https://facebook.com/OliverAnthonyMusicOfficial/
Oliver’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/oliveranthonymusic

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:00) – Open mics
(13:03) – Mainstream country music
(22:10) – Fame
(28:06) – Music vs politics
(36:56) – Rich Men North of Richmond
(47:06) – Popularity, money, and integrity
(1:01:54) – Blue-collar people
(1:13:57) – Depression
(1:38:50) – Nature
(2:01:26) – Three-legged cat
(2:09:57) – I Want to Go Home (live performance)
(2:13:36) – Guitar backstory
(2:17:58) – Playing live this year

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Janna Levin is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist specializing in black holes, cosmology of extra dimensions, topology of the universe, and gravitational waves.
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Janna’s Substack: https://substack.com/@jannalevin
Black Hole Survival Guide (book): https://amzn.to/3YkJzT5
Black Hole Blues (book): https://amzn.to/42Nw7IE
How the Universe Got Its Spots (book): https://amzn.to/4m5De8k
A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines (book): https://amzn.to/3GGakvd

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:51) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:21) – Black holes
(16:55) – Formation of black holes
(27:45) – Oppenheimer and the Atomic Bomb
(34:08) – Inside the black hole
(47:10) – Supermassive black holes
(50:39) – Physics of spacetime
(53:42) – General relativity
(59:13) – Gravity
(1:15:47) – Information paradox
(1:24:17) – Fuzzballs & soft hair
(1:27:28) – ER = EPR
(1:34:07) – Firewall
(1:42:59) – Extra dimensions
(1:45:24) – Aliens
(2:01:00) – Wormholes
(2:11:57) – Dark matter and dark energy
(2:22:00) – Gravitational waves
(2:34:08) – Alan Turing and Kurt Godel
(2:46:23) – Grigori Perelman, Andrew Wiles, and Terence Tao
(2:52:58) – Art and science
(3:02:37) – The biggest mystery

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Tim Sweeney is a legendary video game programmer, founder and CEO of Epic Games that created the Unreal Engine, Fortnite, Gears of War, Unreal Tournament, and many other groundbreaking and influential video games.
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Epic Games: https://epicgames.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(08:25) – 10,000 hours programming
(11:42) – Advice for young programmers
(19:54) – Video games in the 80s and 90s
(22:02) – Epic Games origin story
(34:40) – Indie game development
(40:34) – Unreal Engine
(1:06:30) – Technical details of Unreal Engine
(1:11:23) – Constructive solid geometry
(1:17:21) – Dynamic lighting
(1:21:51) – Volumetric fog
(1:25:19) – John Carmack
(1:27:05) – Evolution of Unreal Engine
(1:33:21) – Unreal Engine 5
(1:44:32) – Creating realistic humans
(1:53:41) – Lumen global illumination
(1:58:11) – Movies
(2:12:53) – Simulating reality
(2:25:08) – Metaverse
(2:27:44) – Fortnite
(2:31:40) – Scaling
(2:47:04) – Game economies
(2:48:33) – Standardizing the Metaverse
(2:56:46) – Verse programming language
(3:18:19) – Concurrency
(3:25:56) – Unreal Engine 6
(3:30:34) – Indie game developers
(3:33:32) – Apple
(3:48:12) – Epic Games Store
(4:11:03) – Future of gaming
(4:17:03) – Greatest games ever made
(4:22:39) – GTA 6 and Rockstar Games
(4:25:58) – Hope for the future

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Jeffrey Wasserstrom is a historian of modern China.
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Vigil: Hong Kong on the Brink: https://amzn.to/4jmxWmT
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The Milk Tea Alliance: https://amzn.to/42DLapH

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:06) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:29) – Xi Jinping and Mao Zedong
(13:57) – Confucius
(21:27) – Education
(29:33) – Tiananmen Square
(40:49) – Tank Man
(50:49) – Censorship
(1:26:45) – Xi Jinping
(1:44:53) – Donald Trump
(1:48:47) – Trade war
(2:01:35) – Taiwan
(2:11:48) – Protests in Hong Kong
(2:44:07) – Mao Zedong
(3:05:48) – Future of China

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Robert Rodriguez is a legendary filmmaker and creator of Sin City, El Mariachi, Desperado, Spy Kids, Machete, From Dusk Till Dawn, Alita: Battle Angel, The Faculty, and his newest venture Brass Knuckle Films.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:04) – Explosions and having only one take
(17:39) – Success and failure
(26:28) – Filmmaking on a low budget
(38:41) – El Mariachi
(50:10) – Creativity
(1:12:06) – Limitations
(1:18:22) – Handling criticism
(1:34:32) – Action films
(1:45:53) – Quentin Tarantino
(1:55:52) – Desperado
(1:56:54) – Salma Hayek
(2:01:40) – Danny Trejo
(2:06:55) – Filming in Austin
(2:13:05) – Editing
(2:22:35) – Sound design
(2:27:43) – Deadlines
(2:31:14) – Alita: Battle Angel
(2:39:36) – James Cameron
(2:52:39) – Sin City
(3:06:48) – Manifesting
(3:18:12) – Memories and journaling
(3:27:56) – Mortality

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Dave Smith is a comedian, libertarian, political commentator, and the host of Part of the Problem podcast.
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Dave’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/DSmithcomic
Dave’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/theproblemdavesmith
Dave’s Website: https://comicdavesmith.com/
Part of the Problem Podcast: https://partoftheproblem.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(00:10) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:32) – Libertarianism
(10:47) – Ron Paul
(13:59) – Military?industrial complex
(20:53) – War on Terror
(33:12) – China and Taiwan
(41:00) – Just war theory
(48:09) – Israel and Gaza
(1:05:35) – Douglas Murray
(1:13:29) – Hamas
(1:29:48) – Hitler and Stalin
(1:32:01) – Darryl Cooper
(1:41:13) – Antisemitism
(1:54:46) – World leaders
(2:07:21) – Jeffrey Epstein
(2:15:24) – Sam Harris
(2:28:07) – Ukraine and Russia
(2:47:32) – Joe Rogan
(3:00:01) – Conspiracy theories
(3:17:52) – Hope

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Douglas Murray is the author of On Democracies and Death Cults, The War on The West, and The Madness of Crowds.
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Douglas’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/douglaskmurray
Douglas’s Website: https://douglasmurray.net
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The War on the West (book): https://amzn.to/38L7B36

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(02:04) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(09:31) – War in Ukraine
(13:17) – Trump and Zelenskyy
(27:47) – Putin
(48:40) – Peace
(58:31) – Zelenskyy
(1:13:11) – Israel-Palestine
(1:23:57) – Hamas
(1:38:30) – Corruption
(1:41:40) – Gaza
(2:02:18) – Benjamin Netanyahu
(2:19:29) – Hate
(2:43:59) – Iran
(2:54:48) – Interview advice
(3:09:12) – War

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Ezra Klein is one of the most influential voices representing the left-wing of American politics. He is a columnist for the NY Times and host of The Ezra Klein Show. Derek Thompson is a writer at The Atlantic and host of the Plain English podcast. Together they have written a new book titled Abundance that lays out a set of ideas for the future of the Democratic party.
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Ezra’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/EzraKleinShow
The New York Times: https://nytimes.com/by/ezra-klein
Derek’s X: https://x.com/dkthomp
Plain English (podcast): https://www.theringer.com/podcasts/plain-english-with-derek-thompson
The Atlantic: https://theatlantic.com/author/derek-thompson/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(03:17) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections
(10:33) – Left-wing vs right-wing politics
(19:54) – Political leaders on the left and the right
(44:29) – Internal political divisions
(47:29) – AOC
(58:50) – Political realignment
(1:10:32) – Supply-side progressivism
(1:17:42) – Wealth redistribution
(1:27:50) – Housing problem
(1:44:09) – Regulation and deregulation
(2:00:43) – DOGE, Elon, and Trump
(2:59:46) – Sam Harris
(3:09:24) – Future of America

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ThePrimeagen (aka Michael Paulson) is a programmer who has educated, entertained, and inspired millions of people to build software and have fun doing it.
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:27) – Love for programming
(20:00) – Hardest part of programming
(22:16) – Types of programming
(29:54) – Life story
(39:58) – Hardship
(41:29) – High school
(47:15) – Porn addiction
(57:01) – God
(1:12:44) – Perseverance
(1:22:40) – Netflix
(1:35:08) – Groovy
(1:40:13) – Printf() debugging
(1:46:35) – Falcor
(1:56:05) – Breaking production
(1:58:49) – Pieter Levels
(2:03:19) – Netflix, Twitch, and YouTube infrastructure
(2:15:22) – ThePrimeagen origin story
(2:30:37) – Learning programming languages
(2:39:40) – Best programming languages in 2025
(2:44:35) – Python
(2:45:15) – HTML & CSS
(2:46:05) – Bash
(2:46:45) – FFmpeg
(2:53:28) – Performance
(2:56:00) – Rust
(3:00:48) – Epic projects
(3:14:12) – Asserts
(3:23:26) – ADHD
(3:31:34) – Productivity
(3:35:58) – Programming setup
(4:11:28) – Coffee
(4:18:32) – Programming with AI
(5:01:16) – Advice for young programmers
(5:12:48) – Reddit questions
(5:20:20) – God

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Narendra Modi is the Prime Minister of India. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Hindi, Russian (and soon other languages). Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided (for the main episode video on YouTube) in English, Hindi, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed-language version, please select the Hindi (Latin) audio track. The default is English overdub.
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Narendra Modi’s Website: https://narendramodi.in/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(17:24) – Fasting
(29:42) – Early life
(41:38) – Advice to Young People
(47:20) – Journey in the Himalayas
(58:50) – Becoming a monk
(1:00:37) – RSS and Hindu nationalism
(1:08:22) – Explaining India
(1:12:32) – Mahatma Gandhi
(1:24:27) – Path to peace in Ukraine
(1:27:41) – India and Pakistan
(1:33:21) – Cricket and Football
(1:37:45) – Donald Trump
(1:48:56) – China and Xi Jinping
(1:56:01) – Gujarat riots in 2002
(2:11:37) – Biggest democracy in the world
(2:21:53) – Power
(2:26:39) – Hard work
(2:29:46) – Srinivasa Ramanujan
(2:31:53) – Decision-making process
(2:39:40) – AI
(2:49:55) – Education
(3:00:10) – Learning and focus
(3:06:01) – Mantra
(3:07:45) – Meditation
(3:13:43) – Lex visiting India
(3:18:08) – Siddhartha

Dylan Patel is the founder of SemiAnalysis, a research & analysis company specializing in semiconductors, GPUs, CPUs, and AI hardware. Nathan Lambert is a research scientist at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of a blog on AI called Interconnects.
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https://lexfridman.com/deepseek-dylan-patel-nathan-lambert-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Dylan’s X: https://x.com/dylan522p
SemiAnalysis: https://semianalysis.com/
Nathan’s X: https://x.com/natolambert
Nathan’s Blog: https://www.interconnects.ai/
Nathan’s Podcast: https://www.interconnects.ai/podcast
Nathan’s Website: https://www.natolambert.com/
Nathan’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@natolambert
Nathan’s Book: https://rlhfbook.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(13:28) – DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3
(35:02) – Low cost of training
(1:01:19) – DeepSeek compute cluster
(1:08:52) – Export controls on GPUs to China
(1:19:10) – AGI timeline
(1:28:35) – China’s manufacturing capacity
(1:36:30) – Cold war with China
(1:41:00) – TSMC and Taiwan
(2:04:38) – Best GPUs for AI
(2:19:30) – Why DeepSeek is so cheap
(2:32:49) – Espionage
(2:41:52) – Censorship
(2:54:46) – Andrej Karpathy and magic of RL
(3:05:17) – OpenAI o3-mini vs DeepSeek r1
(3:24:25) – NVIDIA
(3:28:53) – GPU smuggling
(3:35:30) – DeepSeek training on OpenAI data
(3:45:59) – AI megaclusters
(4:21:21) – Who wins the race to AGI?
(4:31:34) – AI agents
(4:40:16) – Programming and AI
(4:47:43) – Open source
(4:56:55) – Stargate
(5:04:24) – Future of AI

Marc Andreessen is an entrepreneur, investor, co-creator of Mosaic, co-founder of Netscape, and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Marc’s X: https://x.com/pmarca
Marc’s Substack: https://pmarca.substack.com
Marc’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@a16z
Andreessen Horowitz: https://a16z.com

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(12:46) – Best possible future
(22:09) – History of Western Civilization
(31:28) – Trump in 2025
(39:09) – TDS in tech
(51:56) – Preference falsification
(1:07:52) – Self-censorship
(1:22:55) – Censorship
(1:31:34) – Jon Stewart
(1:34:20) – Mark Zuckerberg on Joe Rogan
(1:43:09) – Government pressure
(1:53:57) – Nature of power
(2:06:45) – Journalism
(2:12:20) – Bill Ackman
(2:17:17) – Trump administration
(2:24:56) – DOGE
(2:38:48) – H1B and immigration
(3:16:42) – Little tech
(3:29:02) – AI race
(3:37:52) – X
(3:41:24) – Yann LeCun
(3:44:59) – Andrew Huberman
(3:46:30) – Success
(3:49:26) – God and humanity

PODCAST LINKS:
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Jennifer Burns is a historian of ideas, focusing on the evolution of economic, political, and social ideas in the United States in the 20th century. She wrote two biographies, one on Milton Friedman, and the other on Ayn Rand.
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Jennifer’s X: https://x.com/profburns
Jennifer’s Website: https://www.jenniferburns.org

Jennifer’s Books:
Milton Friedman biography: https://amzn.to/4hfy1HO
Ayn Rand biography: https://amzn.to/4afr3A0

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:05) – Milton Friedman
(24:58) – The Great Depression
(39:15) – Schools of economic thought
(50:22) – Keynesian economics
(58:10) – Laissez-faire
(1:06:00) – Friedrich Hayek
(1:11:18) – Money and monetarism
(1:26:03) – Stagflation
(1:30:56) – Moral case for capitalism
(1:34:53) – Freedom
(1:39:51) – Ethics of competition
(1:43:37) – Win-win solutions
(1:45:26) – Corruption
(1:47:51) – Government intervention
(1:54:10) – Conservatism
(2:00:33) – Donald Trump
(2:03:09) – Inflation
(2:07:38) – DOGE
(2:12:58) – Javier Milei
(2:18:03) – Richard Nixon
(2:25:17) – Ronald Reagan
(2:28:24) – Cryptocurrency
(2:43:40) – Ayn Rand
(2:51:18) – The Fountainhead
(3:02:58) – Sex and power dynamics
(3:19:04) – Evolution of ideas in history
(3:26:32) – Postmodernism
(3:37:33) – Advice to students
(3:45:50) – Lex reflects on Volodymyr Zelenskyy interview

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– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Volodymyr Zelenskyy is the President of Ukraine. On YouTube this episode is available in English, Ukrainian, and Russian. Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided in English, Ukrainian, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed language version, please select the English (UK) audio track audio track. The default is English overdub.
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President Zelenskyy’s X: https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa
President Zelenskyy’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/zelenskyy_official
President Zelenskyy’s Website: https://www.president.gov.ua/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(20:17) – Language
(30:06) – World War II
(46:54) – Invasion on Feb 24, 2022
(53:30) – Negotiating Peace
(1:13:47) – NATO and security guarantees
(1:26:39) – Sitting down with Putin and Trump
(1:46:09) – Compromise and leverage
(1:51:38) – Putin and Russia
(2:01:30) – Donald Trump
(2:12:01) – Martial Law and Elections
(2:24:21) – Corruption
(2:33:06) – Elon Musk
(2:37:10) – Trump Inauguration on Jan 20
(2:40:18) – Power dynamics in Ukraine
(2:43:50) – Future of Ukraine
(2:48:32) – Choice of language
(2:58:02) – Podcast prep and research process
(3:06:27) – Travel and setup
(3:12:13) – Conclusion

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Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations.
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Adam’s Website: https://adamfrankscience.com
Adam’s X: https://x.com/adamfrank4
Adam’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience
Adam’s Books:
The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP
Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C
The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K
The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(14:22) – Planet formation
(19:32) – Plate tectonics
(26:54) – Extinction events
(31:04) – Biosphere
(34:02) – Technosphere
(38:17) – Emergence of intelligence
(44:29) – Drake equation
(48:43) – Exoplanets
(51:28) – Habitable zones
(54:30) – Fermi Paradox
(1:03:28) – Alien civilizations
(1:12:55) – Colonizing Mars
(1:25:11) – Search for aliens
(1:41:37) – Alien megastructures
(1:47:43) – Kardashev scale
(1:52:56) – Detecting aliens
(1:59:38) – Warp drives
(2:05:45) – Cryogenics
(2:09:03) – What aliens look like
(2:17:48) – Alien contact
(2:28:53) – UFO sightings
(2:40:38) – Physics of life
(3:06:29) – Nature of time
(3:22:53) – Cognition
(3:27:16) – Mortality

Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
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EPISODE LINKS:
Saagar’s Book Recommendations: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books
Saagar’s Substack (where he recommends more books): https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/
Saagar’s X: https://x.com/esaagar
Saagar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/esaagar
Breaking Points: https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints
The Realignment Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment
Saagar’s Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esaagar

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:47) – Why Trump won
(14:48) – Book recommendations
(18:24) – History of wokeism
(25:54) – History of Scots-Irish
(32:32) – Biden
(36:34) – FDR
(38:36) – George W Bush
(40:59) – LBJ
(46:15) – Cuban Missile Crisis
(53:48) – Immigration
(1:25:46) – DOGE
(1:52:27) – MAGA ideology
(1:55:39) – Bernie Sanders
(2:04:00) – Obama vs Trump
(2:21:00) – Nancy Pelosi
(2:24:14) – Kamala Harris
(2:40:00) – 2020 Election
(3:03:49) – Sam Harris
(3:14:55) – UFOs
(3:20:47) – Future of the Republican Party
(3:27:24) – Future of the Democratic Party
(3:35:21) – Hope

Javier Milei is the President of Argentina. This episode is available in both English and Spanish.
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Javier Milei’s X: https://x.com/JMilei
Javier Milei’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/javiermilei
Javier Milei’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/JavierMileiEconomista

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(14:44) – Economic freedom
(20:09) – Anarcho-capitalism
(30:02) – Presidency and reforms
(49:22) – Poverty
(55:54) – Corruption
(1:04:32) – Freedom
(1:18:43) – Elon Musk
(1:24:11) – DOGE
(1:26:13) – Donald Trump
(1:32:13) – US and Argentina relations
(1:39:22) – Messi vs Maradona
(1:48:16) – God
(1:50:22) – Elvis and Rolling Stones
(1:54:02) – Free market
(2:01:03) – Loyalty
(2:03:40) – Advice for young people
(2:05:06) – Hope for Argentina

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Dario Amodei is the CEO of Anthropic, the company that created Claude. Amanda Askell is an AI researcher working on Claude’s character and personality. Chris Olah is an AI researcher working on mechanistic interpretability.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Claude: https://claude.ai
Anthropic’s X: https://x.com/AnthropicAI
Anthropic’s Website: https://anthropic.com
Dario’s X: https://x.com/DarioAmodei
Dario’s Website: https://darioamodei.com
Machines of Loving Grace (Essay): https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace
Chris’s X: https://x.com/ch402
Chris’s Blog: https://colah.github.io
Amanda’s X: https://x.com/AmandaAskell
Amanda’s Website: https://askell.io

SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(10:19) – Scaling laws
(19:25) – Limits of LLM scaling
(27:51) – Competition with OpenAI, Google, xAI, Meta
(33:14) – Claude
(36:50) – Opus 3.5
(41:36) – Sonnet 3.5
(44:56) – Claude 4.0
(49:07) – Criticism of Claude
(1:01:54) – AI Safety Levels
(1:12:42) – ASL-3 and ASL-4
(1:16:46) – Computer use
(1:26:41) – Government regulation of AI
(1:45:30) – Hiring a great team
(1:54:19) – Post-training
(1:59:45) – Constitutional AI
(2:05:11) – Machines of Loving Grace
(2:24:17) – AGI timeline
(2:36:52) – Programming
(2:43:52) – Meaning of life
(2:49:58) – Amanda Askell – Philosophy
(2:52:26) – Programming advice for non-technical people
(2:56:15) – Talking to Claude
(3:12:47) – Prompt engineering
(3:21:21) – Post-training
(3:26:00) – Constitutional AI
(3:30:53) – System prompts
(3:37:00) – Is Claude getting dumber?
(3:49:02) – Character training
(3:50:01) – Nature of truth
(3:54:38) – Optimal rate of failure
(4:01:49) – AI consciousness
(4:16:20) – AGI
(4:24:58) – Chris Olah – Mechanistic Interpretability
(4:29:49) – Features, Circuits, Universality
(4:47:23) – Superposition
(4:58:22) – Monosemanticity
(5:05:14) – Scaling Monosemanticity
(5:14:02) – Macroscopic behavior of neural networks
(5:18:56) – Beauty of neural networks

Rick Spence is a historian specializing in the history of intelligence agencies, espionage, secret societies, conspiracies, the occult, and military history.
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Rick’s Website: https://www.uidaho.edu/class/history/faculty-staff/richard-spence
Rick’s Courses: https://bit.ly/40dIZbw

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:04) – KGB and CIA
(23:21) – Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD
(38:53) – CIA spies vs KGB spies
(45:29) – Assassinations and mind control
(52:23) – Jeffrey Epstein
(59:15) – Bohemian Grove
(1:11:09) – Occultism
(1:22:20) – Nazi party and Thule society
(2:02:38) – Protocols of the Elders of Zion
(2:35:43) – Charles Manson
(3:02:30) – Zodiac Killer
(3:13:24) – Illuminati
(3:20:48) – Secret societies

PODCAST LINKS:
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Bernie Sanders is a US Senator from Vermont and a two-time presidential candidate.
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https://lexfridman.com/bernie-sanders-transcript

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Bernie’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/berniesanders

Bernie’s Books:
It’s OK to Be Angry About Capitalism: https://amzn.to/4fiIqS3
Where We Go from Here: https://amzn.to/4eUSJMj
Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution: https://amzn.to/3YkVAa4
Our Revolution: https://amzn.to/40cIbnf
Outsider in the White House: https://amzn.to/3BSfD8u

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(08:51) – MLK Jr
(11:43) – Corruption in politics
(23:00) – Healthcare in US
(31:33) – 2016 election
(37:32) – Barack Obama
(43:26) – Capitalism
(51:35) – Response to attacks
(56:32) – AOC and progressive politics
(1:04:24) – Mortality
(1:06:30) – Hope for the future

PODCAST LINKS:
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Graham Hancock a journalist and author who for over 30 years has explored the controversial possibility that there existed a lost civilization during the last Ice Age, and that it was destroyed in a global cataclysm some 12,000 years ago. He is the presenter of the Netflix documentary series “Ancient Apocalypse”, the 2nd season of which has just been released.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Graham’s Website: https://grahamhancock.com/
Ancient Apocalypse (Season 2): https://netflix.com/title/81211003
Graham’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/GrahamHancockDotCom
Graham’s X: https://x.com/Graham__Hancock
Graham’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/Author.GrahamHancock
Fingerprints of the Gods (book): https://amzn.to/4eM3QXC

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:58) – Lost Ice Age civilization
(17:03) – Göbekli Tepe
(29:07) – Early humans
(34:07) – Astronomical symbolism
(45:36) – Younger Dryas impact hypothesis
(1:03:55) – The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza
(1:24:29) – Sahara Desert and the Amazon rainforest
(1:33:49) – Response to critics
(1:57:56) – Panspermia
(2:05:22) – Shamanism
(2:29:22) – How the Great Pyramid was built
(2:36:41) – Mortality

PODCAST LINKS:
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Jordan Peterson is a psychologist, author, lecturer, and podcast host.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/jordan-peterson-2-transcript

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Jordan’s YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@JordanBPeterson
Jordan’s Website: https://jordanbpeterson.com

Jordan’s Books:
We Who Wrestle with God: https://amzn.to/485Dz4a
Beyond Order: https://amzn.to/3T4LRBw
12 Rules for Life: https://amzn.to/3c4sqYF
Maps of Meaning: https://amzn.to/3A1Ods2

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(07:07) – Nietzsche
(14:48) – Power and propaganda
(19:54) – Nazism
(24:54) – Religion
(41:18) – Communism
(47:03) – Hero myth
(49:12) – Belief in God
(59:24) – Advice for young people
(1:12:02) – Sex
(1:32:00) – Good and evil
(1:44:46) – Psychopathy
(1:58:15) – Hardship
(2:10:31) – Pain and gratitude
(2:21:32) – Truth

PODCAST LINKS:
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– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Aman Sanger, Arvid Lunnemark, Michael Truell, and Sualeh Asif are creators of Cursor, a popular code editor that specializes in AI-assisted programming.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/cursor-team-transcript

CONTACT LEX:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Cursor Website: https://cursor.com
Cursor on X: https://x.com/cursor_ai
Anysphere Website: https://anysphere.inc/
Aman’s X: https://x.com/amanrsanger
Aman’s Website: https://amansanger.com/
Arvid’s X: https://x.com/ArVID220u
Arvid’s Website: https://arvid.xyz/
Michael’s Website: https://mntruell.com/
Michael’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3zIDkPN
Sualeh’s X: https://x.com/sualehasif996
Sualeh’s Website: https://sualehasif.me/

SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:25) – Code editor basics
(11:35) – GitHub Copilot
(18:53) – Cursor
(25:20) – Cursor Tab
(31:35) – Code diff
(39:46) – ML details
(45:20) – GPT vs Claude
(51:54) – Prompt engineering
(59:20) – AI agents
(1:13:18) – Running code in background
(1:17:57) – Debugging
(1:23:25) – Dangerous code
(1:34:35) – Branching file systems
(1:37:47) – Scaling challenges
(1:51:58) – Context
(1:57:05) – OpenAI o1
(2:08:27) – Synthetic data
(2:12:14) – RLHF vs RLAIF
(2:14:01) – Fields Medal for AI
(2:16:43) – Scaling laws
(2:25:32) – The future of programming

PODCAST LINKS:
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– Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
– Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Ed Barnhart is an archaeologist and explorer specializing in ancient civilizations of the Americas. He is the Director of the Maya Exploration Center, host of the ArchaeoEd Podcast, and lecturer on the ancient history of North, Central, and South America. Ed is in part known for his groundbreaking work on ancient astronomy, mathematics, and calendar systems.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/ed-barnhart-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Ed’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@archaeoedpodcast
Ed’s Website: https://archaeoed.com/
Maya Exploration Center: https://mayaexploration.org
Ed’s Lectures on The Great Courses: https://thegreatcoursesplus.com/edwin-barnhart
Ed’s Lectures on Audible: https://adbl.co/4dBavTZ
2025 Mayan Calendar: https://mayan-calendar.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(08:59) – Lost civilizations
(16:04) – Hunter-gatherers
(19:36) – First humans in the Americas
(29:28) – South America
(34:57) – Pyramids
(42:01) – Religion
(55:05) – Shamanism
(57:02) – Ayahuasca
(1:03:15) – Lost City of Z
(1:08:09) – Graham Hancock
(1:15:11) – Uncontacted tribes
(1:21:12) – Maya civilization
(1:37:00) – Mayan calendar
(1:52:17) – Flood myths
(2:20:46) – Aztecs
(2:38:12) – Inca Empire
(2:56:13) – Early humans in North America
(3:02:10) – Columbus
(3:06:46) – Vikings
(3:10:55) – Aliens
(3:15:23) – Earth in 10,000 years
(3:31:33) – Hope for the future

PODCAST LINKS:
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Vivek Ramaswamy is a conservative politician, entrepreneur, and author of many books on politics, including his latest titled Truths: The Future of America First.
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Vivek’s X: https://x.com/VivekGRamaswamy
Vivek’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@VivekGRamaswamy
Vivek’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/vivekgramaswamy
Vivek’s Facebook: https://facebook.com/VivekGRamaswamy
Vivek’s Rumble: https://rumble.com/VivekRamaswamy
Vivek’s LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4e5g0uv

Vivek’s other books:
Woke, Inc.: https://amzn.to/4eqiDqs
Nation of Victims: https://amzn.to/3Tu4259
Capitalist Punishment: https://amzn.to/3XOwi5c

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(12:50) – Conservatism
(16:06) – Progressivism
(21:41) – DEI
(26:33) – Bureaucracy
(33:25) – Government efficiency
(48:34) – Education
(1:02:59) – Military Industrial Complex
(1:25:18) – Illegal immigration
(1:46:53) – Donald Trump
(2:08:18) – War in Ukraine
(2:19:31) – China
(2:30:42) – Will Vivek run in 2028?
(2:42:21) – Approach to debates

PODCAST LINKS:
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Vejas Liulevicius is a historian specializing in Germany and Eastern Europe, who has lectured extensively on Marxism and the rise, the reign, and the fall of Communism.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Vejas’s Courses: https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/vejas-gabriel-liulevicius
Vejas’s Books: https://amzn.to/4e3R1rz
Vejas’s Audible: https://adbl.co/4esRrHt

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(08:48) – Marxism
(36:33) – Anarchism
(51:30) – The Communist Manifesto
(1:00:29) – Communism in the Soviet Union
(1:20:23) – Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin
(1:30:11) – Stalin
(1:37:26) – Holodomor
(1:51:16) – The Great Terror
(2:04:17) – Totalitarianism
(2:15:19) – Response to Darryl Cooper
(2:30:27) – Nazis vs Communists in Germany
(2:36:50) – Mao
(2:41:57) – Great Leap Forward
(2:48:58) – China after Mao
(2:54:30) – North Korea
(2:58:34) – Communism in US
(3:06:04) – Russia after Soviet Union
(3:17:35) – Advice for Lex
(3:25:17) – Book recommendations
(3:28:16) – Advice for young people
(3:35:08) – Hope

PODCAST LINKS:
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Gregory Aldrete is a historian specializing in ancient Rome and military history.
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https://lexfridman.com/gregory-aldrete-transcript

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Gregory’s Website: https://gregorysaldrete.com/
Gregory’s Books: https://amzn.to/3z6NiKC
Gregory’s Great Courses Plus: https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/gregory-s-aldrete
Gregory’s Audible: https://adbl.co/4e72oP0

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(08:38) – Ancient world
(22:34) – Three phases of Roman history
(25:24) – Rome’s expansion
(37:04) – Punic wars
(45:36) – Conquering Greece
(47:14) – Scipio vs Hannibal
(50:21) – Heavy infantry vs Cavalry
(53:57) – Armor
(1:06:48) – Alexander the Great
(1:12:49) – Roman law
(1:22:29) – Slavery
(1:30:09) – Fall of the Roman Republic
(1:33:54) – Julius Caesar
(1:38:33) – Octavian’s rise
(1:48:25) – Cleopatra
(1:56:47) – Augustus
(2:24:57) – Religion in Rome
(2:49:03) – Emperors
(2:56:10) – Marcus Aurelius
(3:02:21) – Taxes
(3:05:29) – Fall of the Roman Empire
(3:22:41) – Decisive battles
(3:46:51) – Hope

PODCAST LINKS:
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Donald Trump is the 45th President of the United States and the Republican candidate in the 2024 US Presidential Election.
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https://lexfridman.com/donald-trump-transcript

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Trump’s Truth: https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump
Trump’s X: https://x.com/realDonaldTrump
Trump’s Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/realdonaldtrump
Trump’s Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DonaldTrump
Trump’s TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@realdonaldtrump
Trump’s Website: https://www.donaldjtrump.com

SPONSORS:
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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:19) – Psychology of winning and losing
(12:01) – Politics is a dirty game
(13:38) – Business vs politics
(16:15) – War in Ukraine
(18:03) – Kamala Harris interview on CNN
(18:46) – Trump-Harris debate
(21:43) – China
(23:57) – 2020 election
(32:13) – Project 2025
(33:03) – Marijuana
(35:24) – Joe Rogan
(39:04) – Division
(46:10) – Communism and fascism
(49:46) – Power
(51:47) – UFOs & JFK
(52:26) – Jeffrey Epstein
(54:05) – Mortality and religion
(55:35) – Lex AMA

PODCAST LINKS:
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Cenk Uygur is a progressive political commentator and host of The Young Turks.
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Transcript:
https://lexfridman.com/cenk-uygur-transcript

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Cenk’s X: https://x.com/cenkuygur
The Young Turks YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/TheYoungTurks
The Young Turks Website: https://tyt.com/
The Young Turks on X: https://x.com/TheYoungTurks
Justice Is Coming (Cenk’s book): https://tyt.com/justice

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(14:27) – Progressivism
(20:37) – Communism
(35:24) – Capitalism
(41:27) – Corruption
(46:13) – Money in politics
(1:03:00) – Fixing politics
(1:22:11) – Meritocracy & DEI
(1:33:10) – Far-left vs far-right
(2:07:43) – Donald Trump
(2:28:00) – Joe Biden
(2:46:27) – Bernie Sanders
(2:59:56) – Kamala Harris
(3:07:25) – Harris vs Trump presidential debate
(3:20:55) – RFK Jr
(3:30:37) – The Young Turks
(3:38:49) – Joe Rogan
(3:48:30) – Propaganda
(3:55:46) – Conspiracy theories
(4:03:33) – Israel-Palestine
(4:13:20) – Hope

PODCAST LINKS:
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Pieter Levels (aka levelsio on X) is a self-taught developer and entrepreneur who has designed, programmed, launched over 40 startups, many of which are highly successful.
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EPISODE LINKS:
Pieter’s X: https://x.com/levelsio
Pieter’s Techno Optimist Shop: https://levelsio.com/
Indie Maker Handbook: https://readmake.com/
Nomad List: https://nomadlist.com
Remote OK: https://remoteok.com
Hoodmaps: https://hoodmaps.com

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(11:38) – Startup philosophy
(19:09) – Low points
(22:37) – 12 startups in 12 months
(29:29) – Traveling and depression
(42:08) – Indie hacking
(46:11) – Photo AI
(1:22:28) – How to learn AI
(1:31:04) – Robots
(1:39:21) – Hoodmaps
(2:03:26) – Learning new programming languages
(2:12:58) – Monetize your website
(2:19:34) – Fighting SPAM
(2:23:07) – Automation
(2:34:33) – When to sell startup
(2:37:26) – Coding solo
(2:43:28) – Ship fast
(2:52:13) – Best IDE for programming
(3:01:43) – Andrej Karpathy
(3:11:09) – Productivity
(3:24:56) – Minimalism
(3:33:41) – Emails
(3:40:54) – Coffee
(3:48:40) – E/acc
(3:50:56) – Advice for young people

PODCAST LINKS:
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Craig Jones is a legendary jiu jitsu personality, competitor, co-founder of B-Team, and organizer of the CJI tournament that offers over $2 million in prize money.
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Craig Jones’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/craigjonesbjj
Craig Jones’s Instructionals: https://bjjfanatics.com/collections/craig-jones
B-Team’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/bteamjj/
B-Team’s Website: https://bteamjj.com/

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OUTLINE:
(00:00) – Introduction
(12:20) – $1 million in cash
(14:24) – Kazakhstan
(16:49) – Ukraine
(48:58) – Bali
(56:18) – CJI
(1:07:20) – Gabi Garcia
(1:10:14) – The Alley
(1:25:24) – Gordon Ryan and Nicholas Meregali
(1:32:18) – Trolling
(1:35:06) – ADCC
(1:45:19) – Training camp
(1:57:01) – Breaking legs
(1:57:44) – Advice for beginners
(2:04:23) – Volk
(2:13:26) – Future of jiu jitsu
(2:16:32) – Steroids
(2:20:01) – Hope

PODCAST LINKS:
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Elon Musk is CEO of Neuralink, SpaceX, Tesla, xAI, and CTO of X. DJ Seo is COO & President of Neuralink. Matthew MacDougall is Head Neurosurgeon at Neuralink. Bliss Chapman is Brain Interface Software Lead at Neuralink. Noland Arbaugh is the first human to have a Neuralink device implanted in his brain.

Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/elon-musk-and-neuralink-team-transcript

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EPISODE LINKS:
Neuralink’s X: https://x.com/neuralink
Neuralink’s Website: https://neuralink.com/
Elon’s X: https://x.com/elonmusk
DJ’s X: https://x.com/djseo_
Matthew’s X: https://x.com/matthewmacdoug4
Bliss’s X: https://x.com/chapman_bliss
Noland’s X: https://x.com/ModdedQuad
xAI: https://x.com/xai
Tesla: https://x.com/tesla
Tesla Optimus: https://x.com/tesla_optimus
Tesla AI: https://x.com/Tesla_AI

PODCAST INFO:
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OUTLINE:
Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(09:26) – Elon Musk
(12:42) – Telepathy
(19:22) – Power of human mind
(23:49) – Future of Neuralink
(29:04) – Ayahuasca
(38:33) – Merging with AI
(43:21) – xAI
(45:34) – Optimus
(52:24) – Elon’s approach to problem-solving
(1:09:59) – History and geopolitics
(1:14:30) – Lessons of history
(1:18:49) – Collapse of empires
(1:26:32) – Time
(1:29:14) – Aliens and curiosity
(1:36:48) – DJ Seo
(1:44:57) – Neural dust
(1:51:40) – History of brain?computer interface
(1:59:44) – Biophysics of neural interfaces
(2:10:12) – How Neuralink works
(2:16:03) – Lex with Neuralink implant
(2:36:01) – Digital telepathy
(2:47:03) – Retracted threads
(2:52:38) – Vertical integration
(2:59:32) – Safety
(3:09:27) – Upgrades
(3:18:30) – Future capabilities
(3:47:46) – Matthew MacDougall
(3:53:35) – Neuroscience
(4:00:44) – Neurosurgery
(4:11:48) – Neuralink surgery
(4:30:57) – Brain surgery details
(4:46:40) – Implanting Neuralink on self
(5:02:34) – Life and death
(5:11:54) – Consciousness
(5:14:48) – Bliss Chapman
(5:28:04) – Neural signal
(5:34:56) – Latency
(5:39:36) – Neuralink app
(5:44:17) – Intention vs action
(5:55:31) – Calibration
(6:05:03) – Webgrid
(6:28:05) – Neural decoder
(6:48:40) – Future improvements
(6:57:36) – Noland Arbaugh
(6:57:45) – Becoming paralyzed
(7:11:20) – First Neuralink human participant
(7:15:21) – Day of surgery
(7:33:08) – Moving mouse with brain
(7:58:27) – Webgrid
(8:06:28) – Retracted threads
(8:14:53) – App improvements
(8:21:38) – Gaming
(8:32:36) – Future Neuralink capabilities
(8:35:31) – Controlling Optimus robot
(8:39:53) – God
(8:41:58) – Hope

Jordan Jonas is a wilderness survival expert, explorer, hunter, guide, and winner of Alone Season 6, a show in which the task is to survive alone in the arctic wilderness longer than anyone else. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest competitors in the history on that show. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/jordan-jonas-transcript

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Jordan’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/hobojordo
Jordan’s YouTube: https://youtube.com/@hobojordo
Jordan’s Website: https://jordanjonas.com/
Jordan’s X: https://x.com/hobojordo

PODCAST INFO:
Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast
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Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8
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– Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman

OUTLINE:
Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time.
(00:00) – Introduction
(11:25) – Alone Season 6
(45:43) – Arctic
(1:01:59) – Roland Welker
(1:09:34) – Freight trains
(1:21:19) – Siberia
(1:39:45) – Hunger
(1:59:29) – Suffering
(2:14:15) – God
(2:29:15) – Mortality
(2:34:59) – Resilience
(2:46:45) – Hope
(2:49:30) – Lex AMA