The Rashidun caliphate, from 632-661, completely changed the history of the world. Learn the story of the greatest imperial expansion of the first millennium, together with the complex political and theological history behind it.

Episode 120 Quiz:
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-120/

Episode 120 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-120-the-rashidun-caliphate

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The Qur'an has deep roots in the Bible and in the unique religious climate of Late Antique Mecca. Learn about its many references to the Bible and ancient Arabian religion in this episode.

Kevin Stroud's The History of English:
https://historyofenglishpodcast.com/

Episode 119 Quiz:
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-119/

Episode 119 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-119-the-quran-part-3

Oxford M.A.S. Abdel Haleem Qur'an

Penguin Tarif Khalidi Qur'an

HarperOne Study Qur'an, ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr et. al.

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Learn about the foundations of Islamic Law in the Qur'an - the 350 or so verses that tell believers what they're required to do, and what's prohibited.

Episode 118 Quiz:
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-118/

Episode 118 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-118-the-quran-part-2

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Learn the basics of the Qur'an - its size, structure, how and when it came together, and the book's most important contents.

Episode 117 Quiz:
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-117/

Episode 117 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-117-the-quran-part-1

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During the final years of the Prophet Muhammad's life and the immediate aftermath of his death, the Muslims conquered Mecca, the first caliph Abu Bakr came to power, and the stage was set for the great Islamic conquests of the seventh century.

Episode 116 Quiz:
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-116/

Episode 116 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-116-the-life-of-muhammad-part-3

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Between 622 and 628, Muhammad and the first Muslims made a home from themselves in Medina, fended off assaults from the Quraysh and others, and changed the course of history forever.

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https://www.patreon.com/literatureandhistory/shop

Episode 115 Quiz:
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-115/

Episode 115 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-115-the-life-of-muhammad-part-2

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An orphan and caravan trade agent, Muhammad (570-632) lived a fairly ordinary life up until the age of 40. Then, everything changed.

New Songs Page:
https://literatureandhistory.com/songs/

Episode 114 Quiz:
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-114/

Episode 114 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-114-the-life-of-muhammad-part-1

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Antarah ibn Shaddad, a killer, a lover, and an epic hero, was also one of early Arabic literature's most famous poets.

Parker's Song:
https://youtu.be/bTVWrxfb5wk

Episode 113 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-113/

Episode 113 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-113-antarah-ibn-shaddad

Antarah's Poetry:
War Songs (Library of Arabic Literature)

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Prior to the dawn of Islam, the Arabian Peninsula had a great poetic tradition, with many genres, and many poets who are still celebrated and studied today.

Episode 112 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-112/

Episode 112 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-112-pre-islamic-arabic-poetry/

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibs86z0py04

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Leading up to the birth of the Prophet Muhammad in about 570 CE, the Arabian Peninsula was an increasingly populous and globally interconnected region.

Episode 111 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-111/

Episode 111 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-111-pre-islamic-arabia/

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In Episode 110, Literature and History host Doug Metzger answers dozens of listener questions about making the show, books, and how and why the podcast came to be.

Literature and History's Upcoming Seasons:
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Episode 110 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-110-questions/

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Episode 109 brings our long season on Late Antiquity to a close, reviews the past 24 programs on the beginnings of the Middle Ages, and introduces our new season on early Islamic History.

The Actual First Novels Bonus Series:
https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content#tafn

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https://literatureandhistory.com/upcoming-seasons/

Episode 109 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-109-cornerstones/

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One of the great scholars of Late Antiquity, Isidore (c. 560-636) left behind a compendium called the Etymologies, an encyclopedia of his epoch's knowledge, a book second only to the Bible during the Middle Ages.

Episode 108 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-108/

Episode 108 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-108-isidore-of-seville/

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kT74jAXCA4

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The Merovingian court poet Venantius Fortunatus (c. 530-600), at work in Francia in the late 500s, shows us the world of the Middle Ages blooming from Roman ruins.

Episode 107 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-107/

Episode 107 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-107-venantius-fortunatus/

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpQP2na7oFM

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The second half of the History of the Franks (591) is a deep dive into the grime and intrigue of the Merovingian dynasty, written in a style that's as medieval as it is classical.

Episode 106 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-106/

Episode 106 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-106-gregory-of-tours-part-2/

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ekc6frwUohI

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Gregory of Tours (c. 539-594) completed The History of the Franks in 591. The long book's account of Clovis and the Merovingian Dynasty has been one of our most important sources on early Medieval History, ever since.

Episode 105 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-105/

Episode 105 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-105-gregory-of-tours-part-1/

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLz16V1Gr7E

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Second only to the Tanakh, the 63 Tractates of the Talmud are the main text of Rabbinic Judaism, containing the teachings of thousands of ancient rabbis.

Upcoming Seasons:
https://literatureandhistory.com/upcoming-seasons/

Episode 104 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-104/

Episode 104 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-104-introduction-to-the-talmud

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dqpgvj_r6wk

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In the twilight of the Western Empire, Boethius (c. 476-523) served as consul, but ended his life imprisoned by the Ostrogothic King Theodoric, writing The Consolation of Philosophy.

Episode 103 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-103/

Episode 103 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-103-boethius

Song
https://youtu.be/ul1PUVPDAcQ

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Augustine's City of God, Part 2 of 2. The second half of the City of God contains some of Late Antiquity's most influential writings ? most notably Augustine's take on Original Sin.

Episode 102 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-102/

Episode 102 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-102-an-old-mans-book

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYwI5aM4ZP8

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Augustine's City of God, Part 1 of 2. The first half of the City of God is a broadside against paganism ? its culture, religion, and history, subjects about which Augustine had much to say.

Episode 101 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-101/

Episode 101 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-101-against-the-pagans

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3sErObfrVc&pp=0gcJCYsJAYcqIYzv

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Augustine's Confessions, Part 2 of 2. The second half of Augustine's Confessions contains some of the most famous theology in Christian history.

Episode 100 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-100/

Episode 100 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-100-late-have-i-loved-you

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6wJQNQqq1Q

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Augustine's Confessions, Part 1 of 2. The first half of Augustine's Confessions tells of his wayward early years, his intellectual journey, and his spiritual awakening.

Episode 99 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-099/

Episode 99 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-099-the-boy-who-stole-pears

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=km3WeynabBI

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Polyglot Jerome (347-420) had a gigantic impact on all subsequent Christian history, leaving behind a huge body of works, including the Latin Bible.

Episode 98 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-098/

Episode 98 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-098-saint-jerome

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tx1qZaUHm58

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The Dionysiaca, Part 2 of 2. The last surviving Greek epic of antiquity draws to a close with Dionysus fighting wars far to the east, in India.

Episode 97 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-097/

Episode 97 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-097-blood-and-ivy

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The last epic from Greco-Roman antiquity that survives in full, Nonnus' fifth-century Dionysiaca tells of the wine god Dionysus' journey eastward, to India.

Episode 96 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-096/

Episode 96 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-096-the-last-pagan-epic

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In 417 CE, the Roman poet Rutilius Namatianus journeyed from Rome back to his homeland of Gaul, not knowing whether there was a home to return to.

Episode 95 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-095/

Episode 95 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-095-rutilius-namatianus

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcDdTfoe0dI&pp=0gcJCYsJAYcqIYzv

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One of the later Latin poets of the Empire, Ausonius' expansive body of work gives us a window into the changing world of fourth-century Roman culture.

Episode 94 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-094/

Episode 94 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-094-ausonius

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zkiw5KgkYjE&pp=0gcJCYsJAYcqIYzv

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Sulpicius Severus' (c. 363-425) life of St. Martin is one of the great hagiographies ? a portrait of a timeless saint, but also of a human being and working bishop.

Episode 93 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-093/

Episode 93 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-093-severus-life-of-st-martin

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyNRs8hLcUM

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Athanasius (c. 297-373) wrote a wildly popular biography of the desert hermit St. Anthony, touting the ideals of asceticism and triumph over demonic temptation.

Episode 92 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-092/

Episode 92 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-092-athanasius-life-of-antony

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In Carthage, in 203 CE, a Roman noblewoman and her retinue were butchered in an amphitheater. Learn her story, and the earliest history of Christian martyrs.

Episode 91 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-091/

Episode 91 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-091-the-passion-of-perpetua

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gv7pZLqV5zk

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https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

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Learn the documentary history behind how the Catholic Church was founded and set up as an organization, together with some of the works of the earliest church fathers.

Episode 90 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-090/

Episode 90 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-090-ante-nicene-catholicism

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ai9nKRy7lc

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https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

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Heliodorus of Emesa (3rd/4th century CE) wrote the longest novel to have survived from antiquity, an adventurous romance that reemerged into Europe in the 1500s.

Episode 89 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-089/

Episode 89 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-089-the-aethiopica-of-heliodorus

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2stXERdUMhY

Bonus Content:
https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

Great Anthology of Ancient Greek Fiction:
B.P. Reardon's Collected Ancient Greek Novels

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In roughly the 160s CE, the Greek satirist Lucian of Samosata wrote A True Story, one of history's earliest surviving novels, with strong tinges of what we'd call science fiction.

Episode 88 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-088/

Episode 88 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-088-ancient-greek-sci-fi

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HH2nNnkYICE

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The satirist Lucian (c. 125-180) was popular in his own time and during the Renaissance, among other things probably being the first author of science fiction.

Episode 87 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-087/

Episode 87 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-087-lucian-of-samosata

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https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

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Once pervasively described as a period of fall and decline, today Late Antiquity is often understood as a period of cultural flowering and economic revolution.

Episode 86 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-086/

Episode 86 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-086-intro-to-late-antiquity

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnDhBOPfW-Q

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https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

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A primer on Biblical canon formation, retrospective on what we've covered so far, and introduction to the upcoming season.

Episode 85 Quiz:
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-085

Episode 85 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-085-river

Bonus Content:
https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

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After 300 CE, Manichaeism spread quickly from its origins in modern day Iraq and Iran. Recent archaeological discoveries have finally allowed us to learn about it firsthand.

Episode 84 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-084/

Episode 84 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-084-manichaeism

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVHB2ALuKGw

Bonus Content:
https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

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The Nag Hammadi Library, Codex Tchacos, and Berlin Codex, as they came to light in the twentieth century, radically changed our understanding of early Christianity.

Episode 83 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-083/

Episode 83 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-083-gnosticism

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wj0NRDRiZk

Bonus Content:
https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

HarperOne Nag Hammadi Scriptures https://harperone.com/9780061626005/the-nag-hammadi-scriptures/

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Learn the basic tenets and early history of Zoroastrianism, one of the most important and widespread religions in the ancient world, and possibly earth's oldest living monotheism.

Episode 82 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-082/

Episode 82 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-082-zoroastrianism

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVWusBEJv9E

Bonus Content:
https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

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One of the most spectacular pieces of writing in the world's religious texts, Revelation influenced generations of writers and theologians.

Episode 81 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-081/

Episode 81 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-081-revelation

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tWGEcZW_tM

Bonus Content:
https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

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The later epistles of the New Testament show early Christian theology expanding and evolving in the ancient Mediterranean.

Episode 80 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-080/

Episode 80 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-080-the-general-epistles

Bonus Content:
https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

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Possibly the most influential theologian in history, Paul codified and clarified Christianity as it emerged into the diverse world of the Eastern Mediterranean.

Episode 79 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-079/

Episode 79 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-079-the-pauline-epistles

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DS4AQWs7lw

Bonus Content:
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The story of Christianity's first missionaries is a sweeping , intercontinental narrative, filled with danger, strange encounters, and the hope for a better future.

Episode 78 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-078/

Episode 78 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-078-the-book-of-acts

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFkAys_DsbY

Bonus Content:
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Matthew, Mark, Luke and John are the heart of the New Testament. And today, historians and Biblical scholars know more about them than ever before.

Episode 77 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-077/

Episode 77 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-077-the-gospels

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t16jixyX8zU

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The Roman client king Herod (c. 73-4 BCE) ruled Judea for thirty years. Learn about his rule, and the political and religious climate of Judea just before the birth of Christ.

Episode 76 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-076/

Episode 76 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-076-judea-under-herod

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ijfD3Qn-Vk

Bonus Content:
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A retrospective on the material we've covered thus far as we head into Early Christianity and Late Antiquity, plus some announcements.

Episode 75 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-075/

Episode 75 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-075-dusk-and-starlight

Bonus Content:
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Marcus Aurelius' Meditations shows an intelligent emperor coping with the realities of an empire buckling under its own weight.

Episode 74 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-074/

Episode 74 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-074-marcus-aurelius

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Y5ol6vZn7o

Bonus Content:
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Apuleius' The Golden Ass is Ancient Rome's only novel to survive in full ? a strange, often disturbing fairytale that had a huge influence on posterity.

Episode 73 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-073/

Episode 73 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-073-the-golden-ass

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGKpv3xws8E

Bonus Content:
https://literatureandhistory.com/bonus-content

Patreon:
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Juvenal's Satires, produced some time in the decades around 100 CE, mercilessly mock some of the more colorful aspects of Roman life.

Episode 72 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-072/

Episode 72 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-072-bread-and-circuses

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-4WYv5JIVU

Bonus Content:
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Statius' Thebaid, Books 7-12. Six hundred years after Aeschylus, Statius once again brought the Theban epic to a thunderous conclusion.

Episode 71 Quiz
https://literatureandhistory.com/quiz-071/

Episode 71 Transcription:
https://literatureandhistory.com/episode-071-the-gods-depart

Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPrGgcJbnx8

Bonus Content:
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